PHILOMATH, Ore. – The forestry program at Philomath High School, already considered robust for a small school district, will be the chief beneficiary of 20 acres of timber donated by one of the pioneering figures in agricultural and resource economics.

Emery N. Castle donated the Castle Family Forest near Wren, Ore., to the Philomath Community Foundation, which will lease it to the school district. Philomath High has a four-year forestry and natural resources program that includes course and field work in reforestation, timber inventory and harvest practices.

“We teach them to be good stewards of the land,” forestry instructor Simon Babcock said.

The timberland donated by Castle, primarily Douglas fir, will serve as a land laboratory, Babcock said, and will be available for use by all students in the district. He envisioned science or other classes at all grade levels being able to use the site as part of their learning.

Babcock said the first work for students will be to rock an existing road to provide better access into the site. The land and timber, located along Kings Valley Highway, was appraised at about $160,000.

The donation was an idea pressed by Van Decker, a former cattle rancher who has a 250-acre tree farm in the area and, at 77, still works for a local logging company. Decker took classes from Emery Castle at Oregon State University in the 1960s, impressed the professor with a paper on water economics, and has remained friends with his mentor over the decades.

Decker also teaches a timber accounting class at Philomath High and hosts students at his shop and lets them practice timber cruising on his land. He wrote a proposal to Castle about donating the land, took him to visit Babcock’s classes and arranged for a student video about forestry skills they were learning.

Castle, now 93 and living in Portland, had his doubts at first.

“I was not terribly enthusiastic about it,” he said. “I was not opposed to doing something like that, I just wasn’t sure it was going to pay off in the long run.

“I was thinking of the students,” he added. “I wondered if they really should be spending a lot of time on something of a vocational nature instead of tearing into their academic work and maybe mastering that a little bit better.”

But Castle didn’t hesitate long. He acknowledged there is a segment of students who are better served by vocational or hands-on learning. He said some might find an opportunity in forestry, otherwise they might “float by” in school.

“I grew up through agriculture, I went to college in agriculture, then left and got into a broader field (economics),” he said. “I would like for something like that to happen to them.”

Castle had another concern, as well: his daughter, Cheryl Rogers.

“She was the one that would lose in the long run,” Castle said. “She’s an only child and would have an inheritance there.”

Rogers, an accountant, gave the proposal a rigorous examination and fully supports the donation. She said the broader educational use of the land is a tribute to her late mother, Merab Castle, who taught speech, drama, English and grammar in rural Kansas until she became pregnant with Rogers.

“It’s really important to my dad that this be recognized as something not just done for him, necessarily, or by him, but done as a memorial to the great teaching my mother did,” she said.

Her dad was no slouch either. He grew up poor during the Depression, served as a radioman aboard a B-17 bomber during World War II and arrived at Oregon State in 1954 to begin his academic career. He taught and did research for more than 50 years, and in addition to teaching spent 10 years as vice president, then president, of a Washington, D.C., think tank, Resources for the Future.

Bruce Weber, emeritus professor and director of the Rural Studies Program at OSU, said Castle is “one of the most influential agricultural economists in the United States.”

Working with fellow OSU prof Manning Becker, Castle wrote a farm management textbook that educated generations of students, Weber said. Castle started OSU’s Rural Studies program, and funded the Castle Endowment in Resource and Rural Economics to support faculty work in that area.

“He has a continuing and ongoing interest in rural people and places, and their well-being,” Weber said.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — A prosecutor says Ammon Bundy had more than $8,000 in his jacket at the time of his arrest.

Assistant U.S. Attorney Craig Gabriel told the court Tuesday the cash indicates Bundy planned to continue occupying the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge for a long time. Gabriel said the Idaho resident also had a withdrawal slip for $6,000 from a bank he visited in that state the day before his arrest.

Bundy was arrested Jan. 26 during a traffic stop as he and other occupation leaders were traveling to a community meeting north of the refuge.

He and six others are on trial in Portland, accused of conspiring to prevent federal workers from doing their jobs at the refuge. Two refuge employees and a Harney County sheriff’s sergeant testified Tuesday morning.

Multiple Oregon farm and agribusiness groups have requested that outgoing Oregon Department of Agriculture Director Katy Coba be replaced with Lisa Hanson, the agency’s deputy director.

Some organizations, however, are withholding judgment until Oregon Gov. Kate Brown has a chance to vet multiple candidates for the position.

Coba is leaving the agency to take the reins at Oregon’s Department of Administrative Services and serve as the state’s chief operating officer in early October.

Hanson will serve as the ODA’s interim director but several farm groups wrote Brown a letter urging her to make the appointment permanent.

Those organizations include Oregon Farm Bureau, Oregon Cattlemen’s Association, Oregonians for Food & Shelter, Oregon Dairy Farmers Association, Oregon Association of Nurseries, Oregon Seed Council, Oregon Seed Association and Northwest Food Processors Association.

It’s important that the agency be led by someone who is solution-oriented in regulating agriculture, knowing when to use incentives and enforcement measures, said Barry Bushue, OFB’s president.

“Lisa has proven herself as a leader in the department who can perform all those functions,” Bushue said.

Hanson said she’s honored by the endorsement and considers it a reflection of the entire agency’s work with farmers and ranchers.

Armed with a degree in agriculture and resource economics from Oregon State University, Hanson began her career as a field representative for several food processing companies that sell products under the Green Giant brand.

In 1996, Hanson joined ODA as the agency’s commodity commission program manager and was promoted to head its commodity inspection division two years later. She became assistant director in 2001 and then deputy director in 2005. In that position she is a legislative liaison and oversees natural resource programs.

Hanson said she believes the agricultural industry needs education about how to comply with regulations before enforcement tools are used.

“We need to help people understand how and what to do to be in compliance,” she said.

Bushue said he’s heartened that Brown chose someone of Coba’s caliber to lead DAS, which shows she understands the value of collaboration.

A multitude of crops and livestock are grown in Oregon, so the ODA’s director must value this diversity, he said. “Oregon’s agriculture can’t afford a narrow focus.”

Friends of Family Farmers, which has criticized ODA for favoring large operations, isn’t currently making any endorsements for ODA’s director, said Ivan Maluski, the group’s policy director.

Maluski said he’s not opposed to Hanson, but would like to see an “open and transparent process” for choosing Coba’s replacement.

“We’re not sure if anyone inside the agency, including Katy Coba’s top deputies, would be able to make needed changes at the Department, which is partly why we think a broader search is necessary,” he said in an email.

Oregon Tilth, which certifies organic farms, believes it’s too early to come out in favor of any particular candidate, said Chris Schreiner, the group’s executive director.

The ideal candidate should have a strong understanding of protecting natural resources, including water, soil and biodiversity, and be prepared to confront the clashes between different types of agriculture, Schreiner said.

“It seems premature to support someone without a comprehensive search,” he said.

A state notice advertising the position said the ODA’s next director would earn roughly $100,000-$150,000 a year and is required to have a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university and at least 10 years experience as the director, deputy director or assistant director of a state agency, among other qualifications.

Recruitment efforts to replace Coba have begun, with the Department of Administrative Services in charge of the initial vetting of candidates, said Bryan Hockaday, the governor’s press secretary.

DAS will then present the list of qualified candidates to Brown, who will ultimately make the appointment, which must be confirmed by the Oregon Senate, he said.

“We do want a diverse pool of qualified candidates,” said Hockaday.

MOLALLA, Ore. — With farmworkers in short supply, nursery producers Jim Gilbert and Lorraine Gardner faced an uphill battle against weeds.

Two years ago, labor shortages caused some fruit tree blocks at their Northwoods Nursery to be completely overrun with weeds, forcing them to take a new approach.

“The weeds won. We couldn’t put enough people on it to keep them under control,” said Gilbert.

That same year, they decided to experiment with a technique they’d encountered in South Korea: Growing bare root trees in raised beds covered in plastic sheeting.

The method, known as plasticulture, is more commonly associated with strawberry production, but South Korean farmers — who also face labor shortages — use it with persimmon trees.

“When you have limited land and limited labor, you need to find more efficient ways of growing,” Gardner said.

Though weed control provided a major motivation for Northwoods Nursery to try the technique, plasticulture has since proven to have other benefits.

Plastic heats the soil by 5 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit while preserving water, allowing the trees to grow quicker — especially since they face less competition, said Gardner.

“There’s no weed competition in the root zone,” she said.

Improved plant vigor allows Northwoods Nursery to grow twice as many plants per row, which means Gilbert and Gardner can devote less land to nursery stock and can plant it with cover crops more often.

The nursery plants Sudangrass during the summer for biomass, then common vetch over the winter to fix nitrogen.

Gilbert and Gardner initially doubled the number of plants per acre, but then had to widen the space between rows to better accommodate tractors for mowing. Nonetheless, their nursery still produces 70 percent more plants per acre with the method.

Plasticulture also improved the operation’s flexibility, since the soil can be worked up in fall and then covered in plastic sheeting with a special $7,000 tractor-pulled implement.

Before the nursery switched to plasticulture, Gilbert and Gardner sometimes had to wait until April for soils to dry enough for planting.

Now, they can plant trees during the winter because the plastic sheets “lock in” soil conditions during the fall, Gardner said.

Better drainage also means fewer problems with diseases associated with water-logged soils, such as phytophthora, Gilbert said.

Soils retain water for a longer time under plastic, so the nursery doesn’t have to begin irrigating until July.

In the past, plants have grown so quickly under the system that they’d become too big for the nursery’s customers to conveniently handle.

The solution is likely to reduce fertilizer and water usage, Gardner said. “We’re still learning as we go.”

Weather forecaster: ‘Get the dart board out’

By Tim Hearden

Capital Press

SACRAMENTO — Weather forecasters are backing off their earlier prediction that La Nina atmospheric conditions would drive weather patterns this fall and winter.

That means all bets are off when it comes to how — and how many — storms will approach the West Coast, advises Michelle Mead, a National Weather Service warning coordinator.

The federal Climate Prediction Center had issued a “watch” for La Nina — a mixture of atmospheric and ocean surface temperatures that tends to steer storms toward the Pacific Northwest and Northern California.

But the center abandoned the La Nina watch as ocean surface temperatures dropped to neutral, portending neutral oceanic conditions that don’t influence storms in a particular direction as they approach the coast.

“(T)here are no strong atmospheric signals to indicate strong correlations to winter conditions,” Mead said in an email.

She said people can “get the dart board out” as winter outlooks show equal chances of above-, near- or below-normal precipitation throughout virtually the entire West.

For the Central Valley and much of the West, an early-season reprieve in the form of ample rainfall may be elusive. From December through April, the Climate Prediction Center sees a good chance of wetter-than-normal conditions only in parts of the inland Northwest, including Eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon and northern and central Idaho.

A drier-than-normal winter is expected in Southern California, while the rest of the West could go either way, according to the center’s long-range models.

The U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook expects the drought to persist in most of California and in Eastern Oregon through Dec. 31. The U.S. Drought Monitor still shows abnormally dry conditions or moderate drought throughout the West, with Central California still rated as in extreme or exceptional drought.

For the Golden State, a return to neutral oceanic conditions after a year-long El Nino could mean more dry winters after one good-but-not-great precipitation season in many areas.

As the water year draws to a close, Redding’s 40.49 inches of rainfall for the year topped its average of 34.32 annual inches, and more rain in the area was possible late this week, according to the National Weather Service. Fresno’s 14.29 inches since last Oct. 1 is above its normal annual rainfall total of 11.4 inches.

But Sacramento will likely finish on Sept. 30 with slightly below-average precipitation, with 16.19 inches for the season compared to its normal 18.37 inches, according to the weather service.

The season was largely capped off with big storms in March that filled Northern California reservoirs and enabled the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to give full water allocations to Northern California farms. But in a majority of past years when sea surface temperatures across the equatorial Pacific remained mostly average, California’s rain and snow totals were below normal, Mead noted.

Oregon’s hazelnut growers, with growth and market questions always in the background, agreed to a minimum price this year of $1.18 per pound.

The figure is the floor price, the lowest amount growers will receive from packing companies for nuts harvested this year. The finishing price is typically higher.

Farmer Doug Olsen, president of the Hazelnut Growers Bargaining Association, called it a good starting point.

The initial minimum price was $1.22 in 2015 and a record $1.70 per pound in 2014, when a bad freeze hammered Turkey, by far the world’s largest producer, and demand for Oregon nuts jumped in response.

Olsen said the initial minimum price decreases since then aren’t a major concern. He said 2014 was an anomaly — “Unheard of,” he said of the price — and the four cent drop from 2015 doesn’t amount to much.

In a Sept. 16 news release announcing the price agreement, growers’ representative Terry Ross attributed the dip in price to a “decent” Turkish crop and a carryover of nuts, and good supply of nuts that compete with hazelnuts in various uses. Those include almonds, walnuts, pecans and pistachios, according to the news release.

In addition, the Turkish lira is weak against the U.S. dollar, making Turkish nuts cheaper. That could eat into the export market for Oregon growers.

Olsen, the bargaining association president, said fluctuation in the initial minimum price isn’t a big deal. In 2014 and 2015, the ending price was 6.5 percent and 13 percent higher, respectively, than the initial price.

“As long as it stays above $1, I think the interest to plant is still there,” Olsen said.

“Interest to plant” has been hazelnut growers’ operative phrase for many years, as the industry continues to add 1,500 to 2,000 acres per year, Olsen said. He estimated Oregon now has about 60,000 acres of hazelnuts, with about 35,000 acres in production. Willamette Valley grass seed growers, in particular, have converted fields to hazelnuts. It takes three or four years for trees to begin producing nuts.

One of the open questions in the business is whether a ceiling exists for Oregon hazelnut acreage. As things stand, Oregon dominates U.S. production but is a tiny presence on the international market, even with strong sales of snack nuts to China.

Growers wonder if increased production might attract a company to build a manufacturing plant in the Willamette Valley. Hazelnuts are used in candies, baked goods and spreads such as the popular brand Nutella.

Noted Oregon State University researcher Shawn Mehlenbacher has speculated in the past that Oregon could double its hazelnut production just to replace nuts now imported into the U.S. from Turkey.

In August, OSU was awarded a $3.1 million, five-year USDA grant to continue research. Mehlenbacher is credited with saving the industry in Oregon by breeding varieties that could resist Eastern filbert blight. In its grant application, OSU indicated the money would be used to expand commercial hazelnut production in the U.S., with a focus on the Pacific Northwest.

Oregon’s crop was worth close to $90 million in 2015.

BEND, Ore. — Northwest potato breeding program officials anticipate an influx of seed-sale royalties following the recent additions of two of their protected varieties to a short list of spuds approved for making McDonald’s french fries.

After several years of accepting only four potato varieties — Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet, Umatilla Russet and Shepody — the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast-food restaurants added the Northwest variety Blazer Russet to the list earlier this year.

On Sept. 13, McDonald’s confirmed to industry sources it’s also accepting the Northwest variety Clearwater Russet, and the foreign-developed spud Ivory Russet.

“It’s something we have been expecting for over a year,” said Jeanne Debons, executive director of the Potato Variety Management Institute, which markets potatoes developed collaboratively by the Idaho, Oregon and Washington public potato breeding programs, including Blazer and Clearwater.

In the past, new varieties have appeared promising in testing, only to fail in the late stages due to a quality concern. Four of seven approved McDonald’s spud varieties now originate from from Northwest programs, also including Ranger and Umatilla.

Idaho Potato Commission President and CEO Frank Muir regards the news as a sign that PVMI is effectively leveraging research dollars and providing the biggest return on growers’ money.

“When McDonald’s approves something, they’ve obviously put a lot of scrutiny in it,” Muir said.

Clearwater is a later-maturing, high-protein spud well suited for processing or the fresh market, according to PVMI. It has yielded from 20 to 47 percent more U.S. No. 1 potatoes per acre than Russet Burbank. It also stores well and resists sugar ends and most internal and external tuber defects.

Rupert, Idaho, grower Dan Moss raised 150 acres of Clearwater this season. Moss finds Clearwater requires a bit less fertilizer, and he has ordered more seed for next year. He’s also been pleased by his yield and quality with the variety.

“I’m happy that McDonald’s is being a bit more progressive in that they’re looking at these newer varieties that should have traits they’re wanting but will also be more grower friendly,” Moss said.

Blazer is early maturing and can be used for both the fresh and processed markets. It is resistant to external tuber defects, sugar ends, common and powdery scab and PVX.

Jeff Stark, director of University of Idaho’s potato breeding program, said McDonald’s rigorous demands set the industry standard.

“Both of these varieties have attributes that will allow the processing industry to produce a higher quality product that will benefit producers, processors and the restaurant industry, as well as their customers,” Stark said.

Debons said Clearwater, released in 2010, generated $3,373 in royalties in 2011, and royalties gradually increased to $41,482 by 2014. She said 894 acres of Clearwater seed were raised in 2015. By comparison with an established McDonald’s variety, 6,651 Ranger acres were planted.

“I’m expecting there will be a sharp shift upwards of Clearwater Russet seed acres,” Debons said.

McDonald’s officials could not be reached for comment.

Eastern Oregon cattle rancher Sharon Livingston and Willamette Valley farmer-blogger Brenda Frketich will be honored at this year’s annual Denim & Diamonds dinner and auction.

Livingston, whose family farming and ranching roots stretch back 100 years in Grant County, was selected 2016 Agriculturalist of the Year. She’s a member of the Oregon Board of Agriculture, which advises the state ag department, and a past president of the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association. She’s been active with the Oregon Beef Council as well, and in addition to ranching spent 10 years teaching school and coaching volleyball in Ontario, Ore. She and her husband, Fred, and their three children, started operating their own ranch in 1966.

Livingston is known for her plain-spoken advocacy on behalf of Oregon’s farmers and ranchers, most of whom she counts as true conservationists. She’s told an interviewer, “I have timber, I have water, I have grass, I have wildlife, and I am very proud of what I have, because we have always worked to make it sustainable.”

Frketich was selected for the 2016 Ag Connection of the Year award. She comes at the urban-rural divide from a digital perspective, using her blog, Nuttygrass.com, to explain farming practices and give city residents a taste of farm life. Frketich earned a business degree from Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, but returned home to Kirsch Family Farms in St. Paul to intern with her father, Paul Kirsch. She’s since advanced to manager and owner, and grows grass seed, hazelnuts and other crops with her husband and two sons.

She’s among a cadre of young farmers who frequently testify on ag issues at the Oregon Legislature, and in 2014 was chosen one of America’s Best Young Farmers and Ranchers by John Deere and DTN/The Progressive Farmer.

Denim & Diamonds happens Nov. 18 at the Oregon Convention Center in Portland. It’s put on by Oregon Aglink, formerly known as the Agri-Business Council of Oregon. Event details are at http://www.aglink.org/event/denim-diamonds/2016-event/

Paulette Pyle is a Reagan Republican and Katy — everyone calls her Katy — is a Robert Kennedy Democrat. But Pyle, who for many years was grass roots coordinator with the pro-industry Oregonians for Food and Shelter, loves Katy Coba.

When Pyle deemed The Oregonian newspaper was picking on Katy in its coverage of pesticide mishaps, she called a reporter with a rival publication to complain.

Because everybody loves Katy.

Not literally everybody, of course. Some in the media believe she’s been a lax regulator of Oregon agriculture and some in activist groups believe she’s too friendly to what they define as Big Ag. But it’s fair to say most people who have dealt with her for more than a decade love Katy Coba.

“We do,” Pyle said.

And as Coba leaves the Oregon Department of Agriculture after 13 years as director — she’s both the first woman to hold the job and the longest-serving — people who make a living in farming, ranching and natural resources are bidding her bittersweet goodbyes.

They hate to see Coba leave the ag department, but they’re pleased Gov. Kate Brown appointed her director of the state Department of Administrative Services and her administration’s chief operating officer. They hope Coba’s model of collaborative problem-solving and her calm, respectful manner will spread in state government.

Coba herself said the Governor’s Office made multiple pitches before she said yes. She finally asked what the governor was looking for, and the answer swayed her. Brown didn’t want someone focused on the internal workings of DAS. She wanted an ambassador for public service.

“I have two passions,” Coba said during an interview in her Salem office as her final month as ag director unwound.

“One is agriculture, the other is public service. I believe in it. I’m concerned about the disconnect between citizens and government, between Oregonians and state government.”

She asked herself if she could take the new job and make a difference.

“I would say it grabbed me right in the heart.”

Jill Thorne says her daughter, Katy, and son, Todd, were immersed in public service.

Jill and Mike Thorne were Pendleton wheat ranchers, but their world views extended beyond the blonde stubble that covers the rolling hills of Eastern Oregon this time of year.

Recognizing the region’s isolation from Oregon decision makers in Portland and Salem, they threw themselves into politics.

“Our theory was, we’re so far from the Willamette Valley, if we didn’t get involved, who would?” Jill Thorne said.

In 1968 they found themselves hosting a campaign breakfast at the ranch for Robert Kennedy as he swung through in a bid to win the Oregon primary and secure the Democratic party’s presidential nomination. Kennedy and the campaign press corps descended on the ranch. In a favorite family story, Todd Thorne, then 3 1/2, demanded to know who CBS reporter Roger Mudd supported. “If you aren’t going to vote for Kennedy, you can’t eat breakfast here,” he told Mudd.

Katy Thorne, then 5, sat in Bobby Kennedy’s lap. A black-and-white photo of her father and Kennedy, taken during the ranch breakfast, is in her Salem office. Kennedy was assassinated in Los Angeles a month later.

Mike Thorne, now 76, served in the state Legislature, headed the Port of Portland and Washington State Ferry system, and worked on numerous state and local civic projects in the decades that followed. Jill Thorne, 75 in November, was and is equally involved, and among other things worked for Gov. Neil Goldschmidt.

The Thornes’ children accompanied them on campaign trips and sat through dinners and meetings where the Thornes and guests debated issues of the day. Katy Thorne absorbed it.

“She’d just sit there and listen,” Jill Thorne said. “She just grew up with it. How do you come to solutions? How do you work with people? She’s got a gift.”

Katy was a legislative page as a teen, earned an economics degree from Whitman College and her early government work included a stint at the ag department and positions in the first Gov. John Kitzhaber administration as chief policy adviser, economic development and international trade policy adviser and director of executive appointments.

But she worked the family wheat harvest, too, lettered in basketball and volleyball, competed as a barrel racer and was queen of the Pendleton Round-Up in 1982. All of that served her well when Gov. Ted Kulongoski appointed her ag director in 2003, Jill Thorne said.

“She brought to the director’s office that background and empathy for the work farmers do and their care for the land,” she said.

Being the first woman to hold the job was significant as well. Male farmers in Oregon “sometimes walk to one tune,” Jill Thorne said. “To have a woman leading them, that’s a compliment.”

Jim Johnson, the Department of Agriculture’s land and water planning coordinator, is a big man with big opinions. He’s a fixture at public hearings, frequently testifying as local or state officials wrestle with land-use decisions that might affect farming. By public employee standards, he is unusually self-assured, direct and plain-spoken. It’s a trait some elected officials don’t appreciate.

He says Katy Coba is one of the best he’s seen at managing inter-governmental relations.

“She’s always had my back,” he said. “She trusted me to do my job.”

Jeff Stone, executive director of the Oregon Association of Nurseries, said it takes a certain skill to advocate, market and regulate agriculture at the same time, as the ODA director is required to do.

Katy Coba was unique in her ability to do so, he said.

“She wasn’t just the referee between staff and stakeholders, or even stakeholders and stakeholders,” he said. “She also tried to get ahead of issues.”

An example: The recession hammered Oregon’s nursery industry, as the sale of landscaping and ornamental plants is closely tied to development, especially housing. In 2010, South Carolina began pulling aside and inspecting trucks from Oregon, the leading nursery state, looking for plant diseases.

Stone said other states were attempting to use the regulatory system to protect their own markets. One thing Oregon can’t afford, he said, is a trade war between states.

Under Coba, the Oregon Department of Agriculture worked with USDA and other nursery states to adopt a “presumed clean until proven otherwise” stance.

“It had tremendous impact, especially at the height of the recession when any sale was critical,” Stone said. “She was an advocate of proportionality.”

Following that, the nursery association and Oregon State University wrote a Safe Procurement and Production Manual to guide the industry.

“That’s a lot of trust, when it means staying in business or not. To have faith in the department to solve a problem that really could bring you to your knees,” Stone said.

“Trust between industry and the department, those things aren’t assumed — they are earned.”

Anne Marie Moss, communications director with the Oregon Farm Bureau, heard about it late last fall and reached out to the woman she’d met but didn’t know well.

“Oh my God,” she recalls her email to Katy Coba, “I have breast cancer, too.”

Diagnosis brings a flood of information, Moss said, “It’s like learning a new language.” Over the winter months the women supported each other by phone and email, and a couple times ran into each other in the “chemo corral” at the Salem hospital where both received treatment. Each lost their hair to chemotherapy and radiation. Moss opted for a wig; Coba chose to wear a scarf.

“I have to say she always looked healthy and radiant even going through chemo,” Moss said. “It really helped to have a friend — frankly, a friend in Oregon agriculture. It helped me a lot.”

Each is now cancer-free. As their hair grows back curly gray, each has adopted a stylish bob.

“And I kind of love that both Katy and I are rocking the chemo curls these days,” Moss said by email. “I think we look fabulous!”

Jill Thorne said Katy’s breast cancer diagnosis was a shock to the family, but Katy was always upbeat. It helped that it was discovered early.

“She just rolled with it,” Thorne said. “It’s been a family challenge, but our daughter set the tone for all of it.”

Katy Coba, 54, says she’s blessed to have a happy and supportive family. She and her husband, Marshall Coba, a lobbyist on behalf of engineering firms, have two grown daughters, Claire and Meredith. She said her parents, Mike and Jill, are her most important role models. They took the ideals the Kennedys espoused, she said, and “put them into action that I witnessed and experienced.”

In her new job, she will seek to develop leadership within state government and attract a younger and more diverse workforce to public service. She’ll push for accountability and transparency.

She wants to restore trust in government. The occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters in southeast Oregon was an “explosion” of the public’s angst and frustration with government, she said.

The biggest change she’s seen in agriculture is consumers’ interest in food, she said. “I sometimes say ag suffers from too much love,” she said. “If you’re a farmer and figure it out and take advantage of it, good for you.”

The biggest surprise of her tenure was the development of tension within the industry over farming practices and crop co-existence. Organic versus conventional, or canola growers bumping against specialty seed producers, “Who could have predicted that?” she said.

Political challenges for Oregon ag include labor, maintaining transportation infrastructure and continuing land-use disputes and competition for water, she said.

Ag hasn’t seen the last of Katy Coba.

“I’ve already told the governor I’ll be an advocate for Oregon’s natural resource industries, I’ll be an advocate for rural Oregon in this new job.

“And she said, ‘Good.’”

CLACKAMAS, Ore. — With a snip of oversized scissors, board members of Agrinos, a microbial soil amendment company with an international presence, opened a 28,000 square foot production facility southeast of Portland.

The company makes an organic liquid soil amendment that can be used separately or added to and applied with fertilizers or other inputs. According to the company, its products increase yield and crop quality. Its products are marketed under the High Yield Technology name and include brands such as iNvigorate, N-Gage and AMPLUS.

The products are made using under proprietary process in which various feedstocks are fermented in steel tanks. The Oregon facility has four 38,000-liter tanks with space to double that number. The new plant is in the shakeout phase and will begin commercial production in 2017. It is the company’s second production facility; it has another one in Sonora, Mexico, plus research and development facilities in Davis, Calif. In addition to the U.S., the company sells in China, India, Brazil and elsewhere.

Biologically-based crop inputs have gained favor as synthetic products have come under increased criticism from consumer and food safety activist groups. The website Bioenterprise reported in 2014 that “Rising regulatory scrutiny of novel synthetic crop inputs, and increasing weed and pest resistance to long-standing, often over-used chemicals has resulted in soaring interest in developing biologically-derived options.”

The on-line journal Corn and Soybean Digest warned in 2012 that biological products aren’t a “silver bullet” and advised producers to “watch out for unregistered microbial cocktail mixtures called growth enhancers.”

Agrinos CEO D. Ry Wagner, a former University of Oregon biology professor, said the company is pleased to locate in Oregon and called the expansion a “really important event” for Agrinos as it seeks a bigger market share.

The Clackamas site appealed to the company for several reasons, said Steve Sinkula, vice president of global business development. The local water district provides clean water, important for the fermentation process, and the site, just off I-205 southeast of Portland, provides ready access to transportation networks, including the Port of Portland.

In addition, the Portland area — because of its expansive wine, beer and cider industries — has a workforce knowledgeable in the fermentation process. The company’s fermentation tanks were made in Vancouver, Wash., and the area has multiple mechanical contractors and engineers familiar with installing fermentation systems, Sinkula said.

The plant employs seven people now and will expand to 11 and 15 employees in later stages, said Keturah Pliska, director of U.S. production.

Oregon orchardist Mike Omeg will test a soil and plant nutrition program developed by an Amish farmer with an eighth grade education who has become one of the country’s leading advocates of alternative farming methods.

Omeg, who grows cherries near The Dalles, will work with Oregon State University and Washington State University staff on a three-year grant provided by the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service. They’ll compare parts of the orchard managed with conventional, industry-standard methods to sections operated with what Omeg described as “intensive nutrient management” of the soil and trees.

The latter method includes applying a mix of mulch and compost to the soil and bi-weekly analysis of plant sap in cherry tree leaves. The sap analysis provides a timeline of the plant’s health and reportedly can give advance warning of pest and disease problems.

Omeg said the system is based on plant and soil biology.

“Instead of trying to balance calcium by applying more to the soil,” he said as an example, “what you try to do is stimulate the soil biology so that (it) makes more calcium available.”

Omeg said he and the university researchers are trying to determine if a nutrient- and soil-centered management approach will work on a commercial scale.

They’ll compare cherry yield and quality, especially size and firmness. They’ll also evaluate trees’ susceptibility to powdery mildew, a major disease problem for cherries, under the two management programs.

“The third thing we’ll do is look at what the economic costs are,” Omeg said. “What’s the income versus expense. In order to be viable, it’s got to be profitable. It needs to be something that makes sense economically.”

The work is funded by a $74,612 NRCS grant, and the method is drawn from the work of Ohio farmer John Kempf, founder of Advancing Eco Agriculture, a consulting firm. Kempf, part of an Amish community in Northern Ohio, has only an eighth grade education but drove himself to understand the disease and pest problems he was seeing on his family’s fruit and vegetable farm.

Omeg, who is a member of the Capital Press Board of Directors, met Kempf at a soil conference four years ago, hit it off and put his methods into action on 50 acres of his orchard in The Dalles.

“Their program in the first year already beat mine in net return per acre,” Omeg said. “I was very surprised.”

He hopes the project will demonstrate the approach is commercially viable in Northwest orchards.

Other NRCS grants awarded recently in Oregon include:

• $75,000 to Portland State University to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and groundwater nitrate on Southern Willamette Valley farmland.

• $74,989 to WyEast Resource Conservation and Development to develop a computer application that will allow producers to forecast irrigation needs and pump more efficiently.

• $150,000 to EcoTrust Forest Management, Portland, to develop an investment fund that will combine public and private money and improve forest productivity and conservation in Oregon and Washington.

• $351,028 to the Xerces Society, Portland, to establish a “Bee Better Farming” certification program. The certification is intended to be an incentive for producers and others to take part in large-scale pollinator conservation programs.

PENDLETON, Ore. — Oregon’s farm regulators are simultaneously planning for substantial budget cuts and increases due to the state’s uncertain revenue future.

The Oregon Department of Agriculture is anticipating a total budget ranging from roughly $103 million to $124 million in the 2017-2019 biennium, depending on whether voters approve a corporate tax increase in November.

The agency’s budget for the current biennium is about $111 million, which means it faces either a 7 percent reduction from its current level, or a boost of nearly 12 percent.

ODA is scrambling to plan for either scenario, as are other state agencies, because Gov. Kate Brown must complete her proposed budget for the next biennium by Dec. 1. — just weeks after the Nov. 8 election.

“We’re all kind of schizophrenic right now,” said Katy Coba, ODA’s director, during the Sept. 13 Oregon Board of Agriculture meeting in Pendleton, Ore.

State agencies have been asked to submit proposed budget cuts due to a large expected rise in state spending on the Public Employee Retirement System, as well as higher healthcare costs, said Coba.

However, the state government is also preparing for the possibility that Measure 97 passes, she said.

That ballot initiative would raise roughly $3 billion a year by imposing a gross receipts tax of 2.5 percent on certain corporations.

Under the $124 million budget request, ODA would hire multiple new employees focused on food safety inspection, agricultural water quality, information services, human resources and public records, among other investments, Coba said.

Positions would be cut from those and other programs, including confined animal feeding operations and insect pest prevention, under the $103 million scenario, she said.

Much of ODA’s budget is derived from fees on different types of farms and other companies who have a good understanding of what service reductions will entail, Coba said.

The situation is more complicated when dealing with the portion of the budget that comes from state general funds, which aren’t directly funded by the same agricultural constituency that receives ODA services, she said.

An overwhelming majority of Oregon voters support a corporate sales tax measure on the November ballot, according to a new poll by icitizen, a nonpartisan survey firm.

It’s the second poll in less than a week to show Measure 97 with a big lead, but the icitizen survey included several follow-up questions, which indicate that voters’ opinions change when they learn more about arguments for how the gross receipts tax would work.

“This suggests messaging about the effect on an Oregonian’s pocketbook can make for a tighter race in November, depending on either camp’s ability to market the measure in their favor,” said icitizen polling analyst Cynthia Villacis.

The measure, backed by a coalition of public employee unions, would levy a 2.5 percent tax on certain corporations’ Oregon annual sales exceeding $25 million.

The poll, taken from Sept. 2-7, found that 59 percent of 610 respondents favor the tax and 21 percent oppose it. After voters heard arguments against the measure, that support dwindled to 40 percent while opposition spiked to 31 percent. The poll has a 4 percent margin of error.

For instance, 65 percent of respondents said they would be less likely to support the measure if they had to pay $600 per year in the form of higher prices and lost job growth resulting from the tax. That figure is based on a May estimate by the nonpartisan Legislative Revenue Office.

Similarly, 59 percent of respondents were more likely to vote for the measure if the revenue were to fill a $2 billion annual gap in funding needed for quality education in the state. That figure comes from the nonpartisan Quality Education Commission.

When asked how the money should be spent, the most common response — from nearly a quarter of those polled — was education spending.

The icitizen poll mirrors another independent survey, this one by DHM Research taken from Sept. 1-6, which found 60 percent of respondents support Measure 97, while 30 percent opposes it.

“At 60 percent (support) in back-to-back polls, Oregonians are clear they want corporations to pay their fair share,” said Katherine Driessen, a spokeswoman for Our Oregon, the nonprofit advocacy group backing the measure. “When we share with voters that large and out of state corporations pay little or no taxes, they’re eager to hold them accountable. They support 97 because Oregon voters know great schools and quality care for our seniors makes Oregon strong.”

So far, the campaigns for and against the measure have played out mostly on social media and in front of editorial boards and civic groups.

“Generally speaking, the numbers in the polls we’re seeing is consistent with polling we’ve seen since last fall,” said Pat McCormick, a spokesman for the Defeat the Tax on Oregon Sales. “The numbers haven’t changed much because there hasn’t been much robust campaign dialogue.”

McCormick said campaigning usually heats up after Labor Day. The opposition campaign plans to debut its first television ad sometime this month, he said.

The debate between the campaigns centers largely on who will pay for the tax. Opponents contend that consumers will pay for the majority of the cost of the tax, while supporters argue that many of the large corporations affected by the tax will absorb most of the extra cost into their national pricing scheme.

The icitizen poll also tested voters’ position on several other measures on the November ballot.

• Measure 94 removes the mandatory retirement of judges at age 75: 53 percent oppose, 33 percent favor, 14 percent undecided

• Measure 95 allows public universities to invest in equities: 29 percent favor, 24 percent oppose, 47 percent undecided

• Measure 96 devotes 1.5 percent of state lottery revenue to fund veteran services: 83 percent favor, 8 percent oppose, 9 percent undecided

• Measure 98 devotes a portion of new state revenue to fund dropout prevention, career and college readiness programs in Oregon high schools: 64 percent favor, 19 percent oppose, 17 percent undecided

• Measure 99 designates $22 million in state lottery revenue for outdoor education for all fifth- and sixth-graders in Oregon: 69 percent favor, 19 percent oppose, 12 percent undecided

• Measure 100 prohibits the sale of products and parts of 12 types of endangered animals: 85 percent favor, 7 percent oppose, 8 percent undecided

PENDLETON, Ore. — The Yamaha RMAX Type II drone growled like a motorcycle just before takeoff Monday at the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center.

Members of the Oregon Board of Agriculture watched from a safe distance as the unmanned helicopter hovered over a small plot of wheat stubble, carrying water to spray for imaginary weeds. Gusty winds cut the demonstration short after a few minutes, but it was enough to prove how the technology is capable of helping farmers better manage their fields.

Specifically, agriculture drones like the RMAX are built with equipment that allows growers to spray crops more precisely, which not only saves money on herbicides and pesticides but also helps the environment by placing fewer chemicals into the soil. Other types of drones — like the experiment station’s own “Octocopter” — can fly different types of cameras and remote sensors over fields to determine where there might be a problem, or predict yields even before harvest.

Young Kim, CEO of a Virginia-based company called Digital Harvest, coined the term “digital agriculture” to describe this convergence of technology in the world of farming. Kim is now one of the leaders behind the Oregon Unmanned Aerial Systems Future Farm in Pendleton, a real-world testing ground for how drones can be used to help farmers across the country grow more food, cheaper.

With the governor-appointed Board of Agriculture in town for its quarterly meeting, Kim said Monday’s test flight at the experiment station north of Pendleton is part of the ongoing research and discussion of how drones will ultimately fit in agriculture, and what exactly they’re capable of doing.

“Those are the kinds of things we want to test right here in Pendleton,” Kim said. “We’re in the market to learn.”

Pendleton is now home to two RMAX drones, one of which is operated by Digital Harvest on the Future Farm and the other by Yamaha, which has opened a local office at the Eastern Oregon Regional Airport. Working as strategic partners, the two companies are trying to figure out how the vehicles can be used to safely and reliably spray crops at night, when there’s less heat and wind that could cause some applications to go to waste.

Jeff Lorton, director of the Duke Joseph marketing agency and project manager at the Future Farm, said the RMAX is the most advanced agriculture drone in the world. Yamaha already has 2,500 of the aircraft operating in Japan, though Lorton said U.S. agriculture is where the opportunity for the industry lies.

“Make no mistake, we are the market,” Lorton said.

The RMAX is the product of 35 years of engineering. It weighs approximately 200 pounds, and with a 250-cc engine, Lorton jokes it’s more like a snowmobile with a propeller. The Oregon Department of Agriculture is already interested in what the drone industry has to offer, Lorton said.

“Essentially, ODA is in kind of a period of transition. Digitization of agriculture is creating a whole bunch of new things for them to think about,” he said.

Katy Coba, ODA director and incoming Oregon Chief Operating Officer, admitted there are still hurdles to clear with operations and regulations of agricultural drones in Oregon, but the agency is well aware that this kind of technology represents the future of the industry.

“We know how agriculture is adopting new technology on a day-to-day basis,” Coba said.

Lorton said demonstrations like the one held Monday are a reminder to “wake up, pay attention and get invested.”

“Agriculture is the last great human endeavor to be digitized,” he said. “It’s the biggest thing people do.

JORDAN VALLEY, Ore. — The president’s recent creation of a national monument in Maine, despite local opposition, has Malheur County residents concerned.

Ranchers and other Malheur County residents formed the Owyhee Basin Stewardship Coalition this year to fight a proposed 2.5-million acre national monument in an area of the county known as the Owyhee Canyonlands.

Malheur County residents voted 9-1 earlier this year in opposition to the proposal, which is being pushed by the Oregon Natural Desert Association, an environmental group in Bend, and Portland’s Keen Footwear.

Monument opponents believe supporters will ask President Barack Obama to use his authority under the Antiquities Act to create the Malheur County monument.

On Aug 24, Obama declared 87,500 acres of land in northeast Maine as the Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument.

Residents who live near that site also opposed that plan, as did the state’s governor, legislature and congressional delegation, according to the Washington Post.

“It does heighten the concern he’s going to do it,” Jordan Valley rancher Mark Mackenzie said about the Maine declaration.

The two cases are not entirely the same. The Maine parcel was gifted to the government by the founder of the Bert’s Bees product line, while the site of the proposed Owyhee Canyonlands National Monument is already controlled by the Bureau of Land Management.

Even though the Maine monument involved private land “and had a little different twist to it, I didn’t sleep very well that night,” Mackenzie said.

Opponents worry a monument designation would severely impact the county’s No. 1 industry, ranching, as well as mining, hunting and recreation because of restrictions and regulations that would come along with it.

“Of course the national monument in Maine is causing concern,” Malheur County rancher Sean Cunningham told Capital Press in an email.

He said a lot of his operation’s recent business decisions are taking into consideration “whether our backyard becomes a monument and how that’ll affect our daily operations.”

After the OBSC ran a TV ad on MSNBC in the Portland region during the Democratic National Convention urging people to oppose the proposed national monument, its membership increased by about 2,500 in 10 days, said Mackenzie, who is a member of the OBSC board of directors.

Membership now stands at 8,100 and the coalition has also started producing videos that feature people who live near where the monument would be located explaining in their own words why it would be a bad idea.

Malheur County rancher and OBSC board member Elias Eiguren said putting a face on the coalition’s message makes it more personal and allows people to understand that what would happen would affect real people.

“I think as more people see those videos ... it will bring more awareness to what’s going on,” he said.

If the proposed national monument is created, it won’t be because people didn’t know about the local opposition to it, said Malheur County Farm Bureau President Jeana Hall.

“The Owyhee Basin Stewardship Coalition has done a great job of voicing Malheur County’s opinion on this and making sure (people) know where we stand,” she said.

Farmers in Northeast Oregon have discovered three infestations of glyphosate-resistant Russian thistle, also known as tumbleweed, Oregon State University researchers have confirmed.

Multiple growers in several counties reported instances glyphosate failing to kill tumbleweed last summer, which led OSU researchers to collect samples, germinate seeds and spray the offspring with the herbicide.

Last week, Judit Barroso, an OSU weed scientist, confirmed that three of the tumbleweed populations actually were glyphosate-resistant.

Tumbleweed, an iconic Western weed, spreads seeds prolifically when it dries out and literally tumbles across the landscape. Weeds develop resistance when individual plants survive spraying and then multiply.

“The resistance is going to spread really fast, so we need to convince growers to control these weeds in a different way,” Barroso told members of the Oregon Board of Agriculture during a Sept. 12 meeting in Pendleton, Ore.

However, alternatives to glyphosate have serious drawbacks.

Tillage is one option, but it can cause erosion, Barroso said.

Herbicides other than glyphosate are often more expensive, while paraquat — which growers have recently begun using on the weed — is more toxic to humans, she said.

“The wheat grower doesn’t have a lot of room (financially) to spend on weed control,” she said.

While unfortunate, “herbicide resistance is a matter of time,” Barroso said.

Glyphosate usage is common in the region partly due to the popularity of no-till farming, which involves seeding wheat directly into the earth without first plowing it.

While the system greatly reduces erosion, growers rely on glyphosate to suppress weeds that would otherwise compete with their crop.

Conventional farmers also use glyphosate to control weeds in their fields, said Gregg Goad, a retired farmer near Pendleton who attended the meeting.

“It’s the frequency that you use the compound that really raises the likelihood of resistance,” he said. “It was a good compound for an awful lot of things, so it got used frequently. But with that frequency, it became ubiquitous in the environment and that selected for glyphosate resistance.”

Barroso said she intially hoped that the tumbleweed infestations reported by farmers were not reacting to glyphosate because dust and drought had impeded the herbicide’s function.

While that may have been the case for other instances of tumbleweed surviving glyphosate sprays reported to OSU last year, the offspring from three locations in Morrow County clearly were resistant, she said.

Tumbleweed doesn’t tolerate competition and will be crowded out by a vigorous crop, but given the region’s arid climate, that kind of vigor generally isn’t realistic, said Barroso.

“It’s robust, and it’s hard to control,” said Goad.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — The armed protesters who occupied a remote bird sanctuary in Oregon’s high desert earlier this year did so to protest federal land policy, which has been a point of contention in Western states for decades.

On Tuesday opening statements are set to begin in the federal trial of seven protesters, including brothers Ammon and Ryan Bundy, part of a Nevada ranching family embroiled in a long-running dispute over land use.

The defendants are charged with conspiring to impede Interior Department employees from doing their jobs at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge through intimidation or threats. Five of them are also charged with possession of a firearm in a federal facility.

The takeover started Jan. 2 as a protest against the imprisonment of two Oregon ranchers convicted of setting fires and quickly grew into demands for the U.S. government to turn public lands over to locals. The issue traces back to the 1970s and the Sagebrush Rebellion, a move by Western states like Nevada to increase oversight of the vast federal holdings in the region.

At the Malheur refuge near Burns, Oregon, protesters changed the signs to “Harney County Resource Center” as they attempted to gain control of the land, which they said they would turn over to local officials to administer.

For several weeks protesters mostly came and went as they pleased. The dispute roiled the surrounding area, with some locals supporting the movement and others denouncing the occupiers as unwanted outsiders.

The group held frequent news conferences and said they were doing maintenance and other work at the site as they moved heavy equipment around the area. Counter protesters, including environmentalists, also traveled to eastern Oregon and urged the federal government to administer public lands like the refuge for the widest possible uses for everyone from ranchers to bird watchers.

The nearby Burns Paiute Tribe also criticized the occupiers, noting that prehistoric archaeological sites were located at the refuge and that tribal members considered Malheur part of their ancestral land.

Oregon officials, including Gov. Kate Brown, grew frustrated at the amount of time it took for federal authorities to move against the Bundy group. At one point Brown sent a letter to U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch and FBI Director James Comey that urged them “to end the unlawful occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge as safely and as quickly as possible.”

The protest basically ended when the Bundys were arrested in a Jan. 26 traffic stop that included the fatal shooting by police of occupation spokesman Robert “LaVoy” Finicum. Four holdouts stayed at the refuge for another 16 days.

Prosecutors say the conspiracy began a couple months before the takeover, when Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne, who pleaded guilty in July, visited the Harney County sheriff and warned of extreme civil unrest if he did not shield the ranchers from prison.

The defendants say they used their First Amendment rights to engage in a peaceful protest and repeatedly mention the only shots fired during the 41-day occupation were the rounds fired by police at Finicum.

The government will remind jurors that the protesters established armed patrols shortly after the takeover, an action that deterred federal employees from going to work.

A total of 26 people were charged with conspiracy. Eleven have pleaded guilty, including Payne and several others from Bundy’s inner circle. Charges were dropped against another man. Seven defendants sought and received a delay in their trial, now scheduled for February.

Ryan Bundy and Shawna Cox, the only woman among the seven defendants, are acting as their own lawyers and are expected to deliver their own opening statements.

The jury includes eight women and four men from throughout Oregon, and eight alternatives are available, if necessary. The trial is expected to last until November.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — Seven people are ready to stand trial in connection with the occupation of a national wildfire refuge in Oregon. Here’s a look at the defendants:

———

AMMON BUNDY

The occupation leader, 41, of Emmett, Idaho, speaks in measured cadences about the U.S. Constitution and how, in his belief, it limits the federal government’s ability to own public land. He has a wife and six children, owns a fleet-maintenance business and resides on a property that includes an orchard with 240 apple trees.

———

RYAN BUNDY

Ammon’s brother, 43, of Cedar City, Utah, whose facial injuries stemming from being hit by a car as a youth make him easily identifiable. Authorities say he planned an escape from jail and also got into a scuffle with a guard. He and his wife, Angie, have eight children. She maintains a blog that provides an unvarnished look at their family life.

———

DAVID FRY

Known as “The Last Holdout,” the 28-year-old from Blanchester, Ohio, surrendered Feb. 11 after a lengthy negotiation that was carried live on a YouTube feed. He talked of UFOs, requested pizza and marijuana, and threatened to kill himself. Defense attorney Per Olson has said a mental health expert will testify that Fry suffers from a personality disorder characterized by paranoia, and it intensifies under stress.

———

JEFF BANTA

The 47-year-old of Yerington, Nevada, was one of the final four occupiers. He arrived at the refuge Jan. 25, a day before the Bundys were arrested and Finicum was killed.

———

SHAWNA COX

The 60-year-old from Kanab, Utah, was in the truck with Arizona rancher Robert “LaVoy” Finicum before he was fatally shot by Oregon State Police. Cox sued the U.S government after her arrest, seeking damages “from the works of the devil in excess of $666,666,666,666.66.” A judge allowed Cox to act as her own lawyer but warned her not to question the authority of the court or take other “screwball positions.”

———

KENNETH MEDENBACH

The only Oregonian on trial, Medenbach, 63, has been fixated on whether U.S. District Judge Anna Brown took the appropriate oath of office when she was appointed in 1999. He’s repeatedly brought it up at pretrial hearings and filed a lawsuit on the issue that was quickly dismissed. He’s from the city Crescent.

———

NEIL WAMPLER

A former woodworker, the 69-year-old from Los Osos, California, was convicted in 1977 of second-degree murder in the death of his father. The Tribune of San Luis Obispo reported that he has previously written letters to the newspaper criticizing gun control measures.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — When a group of armed protesters occupied a remote bird sanctuary in Oregon’s high desert early this year, their weekslong standoff drew national attention to the decades-old fight between the federal government and Western states over land policy.

For weeks, the federal government allowed the occupation to continue, causing speculation as to why authorities would not move in and re-take the site. The occupation that started Jan. 2, ended after 41 days. On Tuesday, opening statements are set to begin in the federal trial of seven of the protesters.

The defendants, including brothers Ammon and Ryan Bundy, are charged with conspiring to impede Interior Department employees from doing their jobs at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge through intimidation or threats. Five of them are also charged with possession of a firearm in a federal facility. The Bundys are part of a Nevada ranching family embroiled in a long-running dispute over land use.

The takeover began as a protest against the imprisonment of two Oregon ranchers convicted of setting fires and quickly grew into demands for the U.S. government to turn public lands over to locals. The issue traces back to the 1970s and the Sagebrush Rebellion, a move by Western states like Nevada to increase oversight of the vast federal holdings in the region.

At the Malheur refuge near Burns, Oregon, protesters mostly came and went as they pleased. They changed the signs to “Harney County Resource Center” as they attempted to gain control of the land, which they said they would turn over to local officials to administer. The group held frequent news conferences and said they were doing maintenance and other work at the site as they moved heavy equipment around the area.

The occupation roiled the surrounding area, with some locals supporting the movement and others denouncing the occupiers as unwanted outsiders.

Counter protesters, including environmentalists, also traveled to Eastern Oregon and urged the federal government to administer public lands like the refuge for the widest possible uses for everyone from ranchers to bird watchers.

The nearby Burns Paiute Tribe also criticized the occupiers, noting that prehistoric archaeological sites were located at the refuge and that tribal members considered Malheur part of their ancestral land.

Oregon officials, including Gov. Kate Brown, grew frustrated at the amount of time it took for federal authorities to move against the Bundy group. At one point Brown sent a letter to U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch and FBI Director James Comey that urged them “to end the unlawful occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge as safely and as quickly as possible.”

The protest basically ended when the Bundys were arrested in a Jan. 26 traffic stop that included the fatal shooting by police of occupation spokesman Robert “LaVoy” Finicum. Four holdouts stayed at the refuge for another 16 days.

Prosecutors say the conspiracy began a couple months before the takeover, when Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne, who pleaded guilty in July, visited the Harney County sheriff and warned of extreme civil unrest if he did not shield the ranchers from prison.

The defendants say they used their First Amendment rights to engage in a peaceful protest and repeatedly mention the only shots fired during the 41-day occupation were the rounds fired by police at Finicum.

The government will remind jurors that the protesters established armed patrols shortly after the takeover, an action that deterred federal employees from going to work.

A total of 26 people were charged with conspiracy. Eleven have pleaded guilty, including Payne and several others from Bundy’s inner circle. Charges were dropped against another man. Seven defendants sought and received a delay in their trial, now scheduled for February.

Ryan Bundy and Shawna Cox, the only woman among the seven defendants, are acting as their own lawyers and are expected to deliver their own opening statements.

The jury includes eight women and four men from throughout Oregon, and eight alternatives are available, if necessary. The trial is expected to last until November.

Oregon legislators will likely be asked for $4.25 million next year to pay for conservation easements that would protect farmland from development.

Plans are beginning to solidify for the Oregon Agricultural Heritage Program, which would provide grants to farmers interested in easements and succession planning, said Meta Loftsgaarden, executive director of the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board.

OWEB, which will oversee the program, plans to hold “listening sessions” this autumn based on concepts developed by agricultural and conservation groups before drafting proposed legislation for the 2017 legislative session, she said.

“We didn’t want to go out to farmers and ranchers with a blank slate. We really wanted to have something they could react to,” Loftsgaarden said during the Sept. 12 Oregon Board of Agriculture meeting in Pendleton, Ore.

Conservation easements are usually sold or donated by farmers who give up their development rights in exchange for tax benefits and lower property values, reducing inheritance taxes.

They haven’t been as commonly used in Oregon as in other states because of the statewide land-use planning system, but this system alone isn’t enough to prevent the fragmentation of working lands, Loftsgaarden said.

The $4.25 million wouldn’t be enough funding for everyone who wanted to sell an easement, but it would serve as a pilot program — particularly for lands inhabited by threatened or endangered species, or that are subject to “urban growth boundary” expansion, said Doug Krahmer, a blueberry farmer who sits on a work group advising the program.

The easements will have a conservation component and could be used to provide properties with regulatory protections, offering an additional incentive for farmers, Loftsgaarden said.

Currently, a similar approach is used for forestlands where owners want to grow trees older than 30 years but are afraid of creating habitat for the northern spotted owl, hindering future timber harvest, she said.

“They want bigger trees, we want bigger trees, so what we needed to provide was that protection,” Loftsgaarden said, noting that forestland owners submit management plans to the Oregon Board of Forestry and receive regulatory assurances from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

OWEB currently funds conservation easements, but these are focused on preserving native fish habitat and water quality, without emphasizing agriculture, she said.

For that reason, landowners in Oregon have had trouble getting matching state funds needed to obtain federal money available for buying conservation easements, Loftsgaarden said.

“We weren’t hitting for the same target,” she said.

OWEB is funded with lottery dollars especially slated for wildlife and water quality, but the agency may seek money from the general fund or from lottery-backed bonds that don’t have the same restrictions, Loftsgaarden said.

The fund would also be able to accept donations from organizations and individuals, said Krahmer.

Grant requests would be ranked based on the duration of the proposed easement — perpetual agreements will score higher than those which end after a certain number of years — as well as the management plan and the threat of development to the property, said Loftsgaarden.

The program would be overseen by a commission consisting of representatives from the agricultural industry, the conservation community, tribes and land use experts, with OWEB providing staff support, she said.

Agricultural groups have asked why the program wouldn’t be overseen by the Oregon Department of Agriculture while conservationists prefer the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Loftsgaarden said.

However, OWEB is already focused on grants and has representatives from both agricultural and conservation groups, she said. “OWEB sits sort of in the middle.”