Thomas Maness, dean of the College of Forestry at Oregon State University since 2012, died Thursday in Corvallis following a 2 1/2-year battle with an undisclosed illness. He was 63.

Under Maness’ leadership, OSU was ranked the second-best college of forestry in the world in 2017 by the Center for World University Rankings, behind only the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden.

“Thomas will be greatly missed,” said OSU President Ed Ray in a statement released Friday by the university. “Thomas’ effective and strong aspirational leadership of the College of Forestry helped guide many key decisions and served to advance the university, our environment and the wood products industry.”

Maness arrived at OSU in 2009, serving as head of the Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management before succeeding Hal Salwasser as dean of the College of Forestry.

In January, Maness stepped away from his day-to-day duties as dean to focus on his health. Since then, Executive Associate Dean Anthony Davis has served as acting dean.

In a letter posted on the OSU website, Davis described Maness as “true visionary.”

“One only needs to look at the Institute for Working Forest Landscapes and the TallWood Design Institute to understand Thomas’ dedication to improving the health of our lands, people, businesses, and ecosystems, and to do so through collaborative work,” Davis wrote. “Through his vision, he helped propel our college into a globally recognized leader in forestry.”

The College of Forestry is currently undergoing a massive restoration with the $79.5 million Oregon Forest Science Complex, which is anticipated to open next spring. The 95,000-square-foot project will include the new George W. Peavy Forest Science Center, A.A. “Red” Emmerson Advanced Wood Products Laboratory and Richardson Hall.

Before joining OSU, Maness spent a decade in private industry as a research engineer, and in 1994 he founded the Canadian National Centre of Excellence in Advancing Wood Processing at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada.

Working closely with industry, he led research in sawmill optimization and real-time quality control systems. He also founded the British Columbia Forum on Forest Economics and Policy a decade later, guiding research in forest policy and sustainability.

Maness earned his bachelor’s degree in forest resources management from West Virginia University in 1979, a master’s degree in forest operations from Virginia Tech in 1981 and a doctorate in forest economics from the University of Washington in 1989.

Ed Feser, OSU provost and executive vice president, said Maness carried on a long tradition of leadership excellence and advances during his time at the College of Forestry.

“His stewardship in expanding the college through the new Oregon Forest Science Complex will serve students, research and OSU’s outreach and engagement mission for many future generations,” Feser said.

Maness was also a board member for the Oregon Forest Resources Institute, established by the Oregon Legislature in 1991 to encourage responsible forestry practices through public outreach.

“Thomas was an incredible OFRI board member, thought leader and trusted friend,” said Paul Barnum, OFRI executive director. “His leadership, professionalism and vision for the future of Oregon’s forests — and all forests — will be greatly missed.”

SALEM, Ore. — Temperatures near 100 degrees couldn’t stop Willamette Valley 4-H and FFA members from showing their livestock and other animals at this week’s Marion County Fair.

Melanie McCabe, Marion County 4-H Youth Development Educator for Oregon State University Extension, said Friday that even with the hot weather, the fair has been going well. She said the barns are a little crowded because of record entry numbers. They have also had to shuffle a couple of shows between show rings, but aside from that there haven’t been any major problems.

“The kids are all still in good spirits. The animals, so far, are holding up OK,” McCabe said.

FFA exhibitors, due to the heat, were allowed to show their animals without their signature blue corduroy jackets on Thursday, showing instead in their plain white shirts and official scarves and ties.

4-H member Wylie Bean, from St. Paul Ore., has a brother who shows pigs, so he decided to follow in his footsteps. At age 13, he has no intention of quitting the show ring any time soon and is looking forward to showing in a blue FFA jacket when he gets into high school.

Nick Anderson didn’t start out showing cattle, but he decided to switch from market goats. Anderson’s steer took the FFA grand champion title this year and placed third overall.

“I am really happy, it was a good year,” he said.

This year is Anderson’s third year showing, but his first year he showed a market goat. He said that he always admired FFA and when he started at Cascade High School and found out they had an FFA program he wanted to join. Anderson’s father showed steers when he was younger and pointed him in the direction of a friend who helped him learn to show.

This year is Madi McKenzie’s first year showing goats, and she received second place for both of her entries, Oliver and Buster. A member of the Jefferson Livestock Club, McKenzie has a sister who shows sheep.

Soon to be a high school junior, Abbie Barber started out showing sheep, but now the Cascade FFA member shows Hereford cattle. This year, her heifer is the supreme female for FFA at the fair. Barber’s bull calf also won supreme, and she showed a steer that took first in his class.

Barber said that her favorite part of showing is the animals themselves aside from the money she can make selling them at the auction, describing the cattle as “cute.”

Showing is a generational thing in Barber’s family. When her father was young he also showed cattle at the fair.

SALEM, Ore. (AP) — The agency overseeing Oregon’s legal medical marijuana industry conceded in a report Thursday it has not provided effective oversight of growers and others in the industry, creating opportunities for weed to be diverted to the black market.

The blunt internal review echoes complaints from federal authorities that Oregon hasn’t adequately controlled its marijuana businesses, and that overproduction of pot is feeding a black market in states that haven’t legalized it.

Oregon was one of the first states to legalize medical marijuana in 1998, and in 2014 voters approved allowing recreational use. The state’s struggle to transform a business that for decades had operated illegally in the shadows into a regulated industry sets an example for other states moving toward legalization.

Oregon Health Authority Director Patrick Allen ordered the internal review amid complaints from state and local law enforcement officials about lack of oversight of the pot industry. The health authority directs the state’s Medical Marijuana Program, while the Liquor Control Commission regulates recreational pot.

The review showed there were more than 20,000 grow sites, but only 58 inspections were carried out in 2017.

The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program has far too few inspectors, while the tracking of growers and the pot they produce has been inadequate and inaccurate, the report concluded.

“Potentially erroneous reporting coupled with low reporting compliance makes it difficult to accurately track how much product is in the medical system,” the report said. “This limits OMMP’s ability to successfully identify and address potential diversion.”

The report said the medical marijuana oversight agency lacks reliable, independent tools to validate grow site locations and relies on inconsistent county databases.

Law enforcement authorities say they often have trouble identifying which marijuana growers are legal. Seen from a helicopter just before harvest season, marijuana grows are like a green patchwork across one southwestern county, one drug enforcement officer recalled.

In Deschutes County, the sheriff and district attorney in February went public with their frustrations, saying the state was allowing black market operations to proliferate through lack of oversight. They asked the Health Authority to provide a list of medical marijuana grow sites, but the agency refused, saying the law doesn’t permit it to provide such a list. The agency could only respond on a case-by-case basis.

Deschutes County District Attorney John Hummel commended OHA director Allen for ordering the study. The two met last month and agreed to use the results of the study to discuss improved oversight.

In a statement, the health authority said the confidentiality of grow site addresses is protected by law, but added it’s exploring ways to work more closely with law enforcement to ensure medical marijuana grow sites are operating legally.

“We are taking steps to maintain the integrity of Oregon’s medical marijuana program and make sure medical products reach the patients who need them,” Allen said. “The actions we’re taking include better tracking of growers, better enforcement, and making sure product that fails testing has been destroyed.”

Warren L. Chamberlain of Oregon and Brad J. Scott and Pauline Tjaarda of California were reappointed to their seats on the National Dairy Promotion and Research Board in an announcement from Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue.

Michael R. Oosten of California, has also been appointed to fill an open seat.

The new terms begin in November and will last three years. Oosten, however, will only serve until October of 2019.

The National Dairy Promotion and Research Board, known as the Dairy Checkoff Program, promotes dairy products and provides funding for research.

Dairy farmers pay a 15 cent-per-hundredweight assessment on their milk, and importers pay 7.5 cents to fund the program.

Purdue said the new appointees will aid in the “promotion and research to maintain and expand” dairy markets. He also said that the individuals will serve the dairy industry well.

The board is made up of 37 individuals from 12 regions.

Each member is selected by the secretary after nominations are submitted by various dairy and farm organizations.

REARDAN, Wash. — Shepherd’s Grain, a farmer-owned company based in the Northwest, brought farmers and bakers together at the same table this week.

The company is owned by wheat farmers and focuses on no-till farming practices. It uses the cost of production to set its prices instead of the commodity market.

Shepherd’s Grain has sales offices in Seattle and Portland. Farmers grow wheat in Eastern Washington, Idaho and Eastern Oregon.

Forty-four customers who use Shepherd’s Grain flour on July 11 visited farms in Ritzville, Reardan and Davenport, Wash.

“The farmers love to see who it is who’s using their wheat and on the other side, the users like to see who’s growing the wheat,” Shepherd’s Grain general manager Mark Swenson said.

Company co-founder Fred Fleming, who farms near Reardan, said the company tests new wheat varieties to see how well they meet Shepherd Grain standards, checking for milling and baking quality.

Some varieties don’t meet the company standards, Fleming said. One didn’t have the needed flavor component; another yielded well, but also didn’t have the necessary flavor. Others had too strong a mixing component, because much of Shepherd’s Grain flour must be worked by hand, he said.

Tom McLaughlin, merchandiser for Archer Daniels Midland, told tour participants that his company keeps Shepherd’s Grain wheat separate from other wheats when milling.

“It’s a niche compared to the commodity world, no doubt, but it’s a quality product with much more consistency in its production,” McLaughlin said. “The biggest thing is being able to pick the varieties that meet the customer’s end need.”

Shepherd’s Grain’s approach is unique, McLaughlin said, primarily because it came from a grassroots level.

“A lot of producers don’t look at net margin per acre,” he said. “They focus on yield. If we could get producers to start looking at net margin per acre — we’re going to give up 10 percent yield, but guess what? (The farmer is) getting 20 percent more revenue — that would facilitate the process.”

Swenson estimated 20 percent of the wheat produced by its 37 farmers goes to Shepherd’s Grain. Farmers sell the remainder on their own or on the commodity market. The company would like to increase demand to sell the remaining 80 percent, he said.

Shepherd’s Grain farmers received $9.54 per bushel for dark northern spring wheat, $6.71 per bushel for hard red winter wheat and $5.63 per bushel for soft white wheat. Prices are arrived at by calculating the grower’s costs of producing the wheat and a fair rate of return to the farmer, Swenson said.

There is a waiting list for farmers to join the company, Swenson said. The group is not likely to add new members for several years, unless it reaches a point where demand exceeds supply.

All wheat produced by Shepherd’s Grain is sold domestically. Swenson said the company is looking at several overseas opportunities. It is also in discussions with several larger grocery stores, he said.

A new pest has burst on the scene at Oregon State University’s North Willamette Research and Extension Center.

Rose stem girdler, a small, metallic beetle that bores into raspberry and blackberry canes, was discovered last year at the station, prompting faculty to come up with a plan of attack to control the damaging insects.

With reports of rose stem girdler in cane fruit on the rise across the Willamette Valley and southwest Washington, researchers discussed the latest infestation during Caneberry Field Day Wednesday at the station in Aurora, Ore.

Patrick Jones, faculty research assistant, said the problem first arose in late July and early August last season, when they noticed wilting among the tops of blackberry and raspberry plants.

Typically, Jones said the plants will die all the way down the crown if there is an issue with root rot or general health. These canes, however, were snapping around the middle.

“That was the big tell that we had a new pest problem,” he said.

Jones figures rose stem girdler was present at the station for years, but last year they did not conduct early season spraying for spotted wing drosophila, which may have allowed the beetle population to explode.

“It was just kind of a fluke year,” he said. “At least it’s on everybody’s radar now.”

In response, the station began spraying pesticides to control rose stem girdler, based on a 2015 Utah State University Extension report. While it is still tell, Jones said he is optimistic the results will be positive.

“I think we’ll do better than last year,” he said.

About 50 growers attended Caneberry Field Day, which featured updates on field trials for new varieties of blackberries and raspberries, along with presentations on pest and weed control.

Oregon produced 42 million pounds of cane fruit in 2017-18, according to the state Raspberry and Blackberry Commission. Those numbers were down from 59 million pounds in 2016-17, though Bernadine Strik, berry crop specialist for OSU, said part of that is due to growers tearing out older varieties of blackberries to replace with newer ones more highly sought by processors — namely Black Diamond and Columbia Star.

Together, Black Diamond and Columbia Star accounted for more than 70 percent of plant sales in Oregon in 2017. The next closest was Marionberry, at just more than 8 percent.

As for raspberries, Tom Peerbolt, director of the Northwest Berry Foundation, said he is excited about several new varieties in development that he hopes will break through the “bottleneck” currently facing growers.

Oregon grew roughly 4.5 million pounds of red and black raspberries last year, with 72 percent of sales from just four varieties: Cascade Delight, Cascade Harvest, Cascade Gold and Meeker.

Peerbolt said he is particularly enthused about Cascade Premier, a just-released variety from Washington State University.

“I think these guys really have potential to be grown here economically in heavier soils,” Peerbolt said. “If we can help accelerate that even a year or two, it could really help growers out there, and the industry as a whole.”

SALEM, Ore. (AP) — Father and son ranchers, who were the focus of a battle about public lands and were freed from prison after receiving a presidential pardon, were welcomed home Wednesday in Oregon by relatives and horseback riders carrying American flags.

A lawyer for the family of Steven and Dwight Hammond said they remain focused on their attempt to restore grazing rights on Bureau of Land Management acreage.

Attorney Morgan Philpot also told The Associated Press the men feel persecuted by federal officials after they were convicted of setting fires on public land and sentenced to five-year prison terms under an anti-terrorism statute.

“We’re exploring potential civil suits on behalf of the family to make sure they have their rights over land restored to them, that they’re protected from more harassment and overzealousness of government agencies,” Philpot said.

The family also wants a dialogue between ranchers, politicians, federal agencies and bureaucrats, he said.

A news conference that had been set with family members outside the high-desert town of Burns was canceled when their convoy was delayed by a roadblock set up to allow a wide-load vehicle to pass.

“The family has already gone through enough. They were tired and wanted to go home and spend time with family,” Philpot said. “Perhaps it was sheer coincidence that the oversized load was coming through the same road we were using.”

The local BLM office did not immediately return a phone call or email seeking comment.

Earlier in the day, Steven Hammond and his father Dwight stepped from a private jet and into the arms of family members at a municipal airport outside the huigh desert community of Burns. A day earlier they were pardoned by President Donald Trump and released from a federal prison near Los Angeles.

“We’re going to do a lot of decompressing and get back to our families,” Steven Hammond said.

Just 25 miles (40 kilometers) away is Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, which was taken over in 2016 by armed protesters angered by the sentences given to the Hammonds.

The standoff lasted 41 days, ending when occupation leaders Ammon and Ryan Bundy were arrested and LaVoy Finicum was killed by police.

The occupiers, who believe federal control of public lands violates the Constitution, insisted the Hammonds were victimized by federal overreach.

Steven Hammond thanked Trump and many people on Wednesday for writing to him and his father while they were in prison.

“We received thousands of letters. There’s a time you get to that point where a letter means a lot,” Steven Hammond said, his voice choking up in video posted on Twitter by The Oregonian/OregonLive.

Some environmentalists see a pattern in the way Trump is approaching public lands, which comprise almost half of the U.S. West, and have linked the pardons to his position on the issue.

Witnesses testified that a 2001 arson fire occurred shortly after Steven Hammond and his hunting party illegally slaughtered deer on BLM property. The fire destroyed all evidence of the game violations, the U.S. attorney’s office said.

The jury also convicted Steven Hammond for a 2006 blaze that prosecutors said began when he started several back fires, violating a burn ban, to save his winter feed after lightning started numerous fires nearby.

Federal anti-terrorism law called for mandatory five-year sentences for the 2012 convictions. A federal judge said those sentences wouldn’t fit the crime, and instead sentenced Dwight Hammond to three months in prison and Steven Hammond to a year and one day.

A federal appeals court in October 2015 ordered them to be resentenced to the mandatory prison time.

“The use of anti-terrorism laws to prosecute Western ranchers makes no sense, from our perspective,” Philpot said.

Michelle Moore steps inside one of several commercial greenhouses on display at Adapt8 headquarters in Salem, Ore., noting how sunlight reaches into every nook and cranny of the structure.

“There are no shadows in the greenhouse at all,” said Moore, company president and CEO. “It’s a surprising effect.”

Adapt8, formerly Adaptive Plastics Inc., is known for manufacturing corrugated plastic panels used for greenhouses and greenhouse coverings. The material, branded as Solexx, is highly dense and translucent, meaning it diffuses light to spread over the entire space.

Solexx greenhouses have been sold in all 50 states, Moore said, and in May the company announced it received a $50,000 economic development grant from Marion County for additional product testing and research.

With the money, Adapt8 plans to build a new 2,500-square-foot greenhouse at its offices on Brooklake Road Northeast, where employees will try out new systems and products to reduce energy while maximizing plant growth. Eventually, Moore said the greenhouse will be used to grow fresh fruits and vegetables for the community, with 1,000 pounds donated annually to the Marion-Polk Food Share.

Employees will also establish their own community-supported agriculture program, or CSA, and begin teaching classes to the public on how they can grow their own healthful food at home.

“We want to show people how we’re doing things differently,” Moore said.

The goal, Moore said, is to help commercial growers and hobby farmers conserve resources and become more sustainable. Solexx greenhouses, with their light-scattering polyethylene panels, offer 25 percent more plant growth versus direct light provided by polycarbonate panels, and 30 percent more insulation, she said.

Adapt8, a second-generation family-owned company founded by Moore’s parents, actually got its start by accident. At the time, they were selling plastic totes made from a material similar to Solexx to growers for harvesting fruit. The totes caused less bruising than metal buckets, Moore said.

One day, they left a plastic tote upside down in their yard. The grass underneath, they found, had grown 6-8 inches tall, and was a deep verdant green.

Moore’s father, Mike Perry, quickly realized the material would make for a good greenhouse.

“The family has deemed him the mad scientist,” Moore said with a laugh. “That’s how the company started, as a hobby greenhouse business.”

Today, the business has about 20 employees, and expects to hire 10 more with construction and maintenance of the new test greenhouse. Moore said they plan to break ground sometime before the end of the year.

In 2009, Moore said the company managed to harvest $5,000 worth of food in one season out of an 8-foot-by-8-foot greenhouse. She believes they can produce the same results on a larger scale in a commercial-size building.

“We want to challenge the status quo of how that’s done,” she said. “It’s really a pretty astounding amount of food.”

SALEM — Goats galore, STEAM labs and record-breaking entry numbers will be a part of the Marion County Fair this weekend.

The fair kicks off Thursday and wraps up on Sunday.

Approximately 27,000 people attend the Marion County Fair each year, held at the Oregon State Fairgrounds in Salem, Ore. Jill Ingalls, the event coordinator, said the fair is one of the few in the state that is growing each year.

This year’s fair is no exception, according to Melanie McCabe, 4-H Youth Development Educator for Oregon State University Extension, animal show numbers are up in every category.

Ingalls credits the fair’s board of directors.

“The board of directors here are very savvy about changing the fair to match the culture,” she said.

The Marion County Fair began in the 1860s, after the state fair moved to Salem from Oregon City, according to Jolene Kelley, the public information officer for Marion County.

Not only are the animal entry numbers up, Ingalls said that some of the numbers are higher than they have ever been.

The biggest jump in entries this year comes in the form of goats. Dairy goat entries more than doubled to 61, and meat goats are up by 21 to 72 compared to last year, according to McCabe.

In other animal categories, 33 dairy entries, 55 beef cattle, 18 llamas, 171 swine and 205 sheep are entered to show.

Of the 33 dairy entries, 24 are showing leased cows from Veeman Dairy. Some 17 are 4-H participants and seven are in FFA, according to Rod Veeman, who is the dairy cattle superintendent at the fair and owns the leased cows. This is about the fourth year that the program has been going, he said.

Not many kids were showing dairy at the time that the leasing program started, according to Veeman, and he began the program in an attempt to get more people involved.

Exhibitors of the cattle work with the cows at Veeman’s farm, where he feeds them, so his organic dairy production remains consistent and then the cows go to the fair, where the participants show them.

Besides the show animals, the fair hosts many different vendors, including a cotton candy art booth where works of art are created from spun sugar. This year’s main stage acts include Easton Corbin, a country singer with a couple of chart-topping songs, and Steve Augeri, a former lead singer for the rock band Journey.

The STEAM stage offers labs in “science, technology, engineering, arts and math,” where fair goers can learn about the engineering of Ferris wheels, growing plants and how fireworks are made, among other things.

A STEAM game is also offered in which participants search the fair for answers to STEAM related questions. The “A” in STEAM at the fair also stands for agriculture, not just art, and some of the questions in the game are agriculture-based, Ingalls said.

Full schedules of each day of the Marion County Fair can be found at the fair’s website http://marioncountyfair.net .

Marion County Fair

Where: Oregon State Fairgrounds

Address: 2330 17th St. NE, Salem, Ore.

When: 10 a.m.-10 p.m. July 12, 10 a.m.-11 p.m. July 13-14, 10 a.m.-6 p.m. July 15

Cost: $9 for adults, $5 for seniors 62 and older, $5 for youths ages 6-11

PORTLAND — Environmentalists hope to convince a federal appeals court that USDA must study the environmental effects of assisting Oregon wildlife regulators with killing wolves.

Last year, a federal judge decided that an agreement by USDA’s Wildlife Services to kill wolves at the direction of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife doesn’t qualify as a “major federal action” warranting analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act.

During oral arguments in Portland on July 11, Cascadia Wildlands and four other environmental groups asked the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals to overturn that ruling.

According to legal precedent, NEPA review is required even when the government simply provides grant money for a building project, said John Mellgren, an attorney for the environmental plaintiffs.

“Here, by contrast, there is actual federal action,” Mellgren said, noting that USDA would send out federal employees with federally owned equipment to kill wolves.

Although U.S. District Judge Michael McShane found that the decision to kill wolves rested with ODFW, the state agency can’t force USDA to perform a lethal operation — that’s still at the discretion of federal officials and should be studied under NEPA, he said.

Sean Martin, an attorney for the federal government, countered that NEPA review is only mandatory when a federal agency has control over an activity.

“Here, that kind of supervision is absent,” Martin said. “Those kinds of judgment calls are left to Oregon and Oregon alone. ... It’s the state calling the shots.”

In this case, USDA did conduct a NEPA environmental assessment but the environmental groups claim it was insufficient.

The government argues it only completed the analysis to settle a previous lawsuit and McShane correctly decided the review wasn’t otherwise legally required.

Even if it was required, the USDA properly concluded the assistance of Wildlife Services in killing problem wolves wouldn’t harm the overall population, which is increasing, Martin said.

“Limited control isn’t going to impair that trend,” he said.

The primary limiting factor for wolf survival in Oregon is human acceptance, which necessitates resolving livestock conflicts and managing the species, he said.

However, Mellgren argued that USDA failed to take a “hard look” at the effects of killing wolves as required under NEPA.

The agency should have considers the impacts of wolf killing in Idaho, which is a prime source of wolves migrating into Oregon, he said.

Capital Press

A study funded by a recent grant aims to help the Owyhee Irrigation District determine how and where to modernize.

OID General Manager Jay Chamberlin said the approximately $250,000 grant, through Energy Trust of Oregon and Pacific Power & Light, is funding the evaluation by Hood River, Ore.-based Farmers Conservation Alliance.

“They are looking at every aspect: hydro potential, gravity pressurized sprinkler potential, canal lining, water conservation. … Really, the project is being completely evaluated and assessed,” Chamberlin said. “It’s almost an inventory of what we are doing now and what we can do to improve.”

Farmers Conservation Alliance spokeswoman Marla Keethler said Owyhee Irrigation District enrolled in its Irrigation Modernization Program, “and we are currently working with them to understand their district’s needs and goals as we work towards developing a system improvement plan and eventually a modernization strategy.”

Chamberlin said the modernization study will help identify the best opportunities to maintain and improve function even as OID deals with current facility needs and some recent changes in how customers use water.

After irrigation season ends each fall, Nyssa, Ore.-based Owyhee Irrigation District starts projects such as repairing or automating infrastructure, and replacing some sections of open canal with pressurized pipeline.

An upcoming major project aims to stabilize more than one-third of Malheur Siphon, an above-ground, 80-inch steel pipe that runs for more than four miles north to the Malheur River. Chamberlin said the approximately $750,000 project is expected to start in early October and conclude in early March, ahead of the 2019 irrigation season’s start.

“This phase will complete the most difficult section of repairs,” he said. The pipe, whose foundation legs have been moving in unstable clay soil, is wrinkled in three different locations, he said. Additional phases will be completed later as OID builds its reserve funds.

The Owyhee Irrigation District serves about 120,000 irrigated acres and more than 1,200 customers in Oregon and Idaho. Its annual budget is about $4 million, funded by a customer charge per acre of $65 — up from $62 last year and including $1.50 special assessment for the siphon project.

Chamberlin said the district in the last decade has seen client farms become fewer in number, but larger overall.

“It really changes the distribution of water,” he said.

Many of the larger farms grow one crop on 100 acres instead of three or four, and use pivot irrigation systems that in the long term can reduce total water usage but in the short term run frequently, Chamberlin said. “With pivot and sprinkler irrigation, you can’t get behind because you don’t have the deep percolation.”

Similarly, drip irrigation rarely shuts down altogether as it moves water across different zones in large acreages. Chamberlin said this constant, level irrigation flow means peak demand periods are less pronounced and water can stay longer in Owyhee Reservoir.

Owyhee Reservoir was about 60 percent full in mid-July, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation reported, including water left from the heavy snowmelt of 2016-17. OID customers this year received full allotments of water, Chamberlin said, but the district has tried to stay conservative and leave as much in the reservoir as possible in the event low snowpack materializes again this year in the large Owyhee River drainage.

The district early this year tapped its supplemental Snake River water right more than usual, he said. The Owyhee River is a Snake tributary.

GLIDE, Ore. — Austin VanHouten, at just 15 years old, has developed a business plan. He’s working at developing his sheep shearing skills and turning them into a seasonal job.

To help him in that process, he put together an application, explaining his business plan, and submitted it to the Douglas County Farm Bureau. The application was reviewed by bureau members and then VanHouten was selected as the recipient of the organization’s Young Entrepreneurship Grant.

The grant is for about $1,300. VanHouten will use the money to purchase a shearing motor, clippers and the accessory tools needed for the job.

“On the application, I had to explain why I was applying,” he said. “I want to start up my own business in agriculture. I want to start up my own sheep shearing business. It’s a great way to make money in your free time.”

Following his selection for the grant, the Oakland, Ore., High School student spoke at a Farm Bureau meeting, explaining his plan and his appreciation for the financial support.

VanHouten has a sheep background, helping his grandparents, John and Peggy Fine, with their flock. He has watched his grandfather and others shear sheep so he’s aware that it’s a physical task. And as a member of the Heavenly Ranchers 4-H Club, he has slick sheared numerous lambs for entry at the annual Douglas County Lamb Show.

Matthew Brady, the vice president of the Douglas County Farm Bureau and the coordinator of the Young Entrepreneurship Grant program, said the goal of the program is to give high school aged youth help in getting started in an agricultural project.

“We want to at least help in part these young people overcome some of the monetary obstacles involved in getting into farming,” Brady said. “It can be fairly expensive, pursuing equipment and tools, and these grants can help get the wheels rolling for a young person.”

Brady added that a past recipient of the grant started an asparagus business, using the money to purchase starts, soaker hoses and some other accessories.

To learn how to be most efficient with his new shearing equipment, VanHouten attended a four-day sheep shearing school on the Dawson Ranch in late May. The Oakland High School FFA Alumni Association paid the $225 fee for VanHouten, who then proceeded to shear 50 sheep a day.

“I’m pleased with the progress I made,” the teenager said of shearing. “I learned for a commercial shearing job, you don’t have to make all the lines perfect. You have to know how to handle a sheep properly and to keep the blades on the skin.”

Brady said there is a need for more experienced sheep shearers. He attended the sheep shearing school and was pleased to see the progress VanHouten was making as a shearer.

“Austin saw a need and an opportunity to shear his own sheep as well as others,” Brady said. “It can be hard to get shearers scheduled in a timely manner because there is a shortage. It’s difficult and back-breaking work that is not really attractive to a lot of people. You usually have to wait in line to get your sheep sheared every spring.”

VanHouten has a flock of 15 ewes. His goal is to shear, save money for college and following graduation, start his own sheep, cattle and pig operation.

“I’m really appreciative of this grant,” he said. “I don’t know if I would have been able to start up a shearing business if not for this grant.”

Attorneys for the Trump administration are siding with environmentalists in defending the legality of the Obama administration’s expansion of Oregon’s Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument.

Shortly before leaving office in early 2017, former President Barack Obama increased the monument’s size by more than 70 percent to about 114,000 acres.

The decision was met with lawsuits by representatives of timber companies and county governments, who claimed a prohibition on commercial logging within the monument violated the Oregon & California Revested Lands Act.

The monument’s enlarged boundary includes nearly 40,000 acres of “O&C Lands” that must be managed for timber harvest under that statute, according to their complaints.

While the legal arguments primarily concern logging, ranchers who operate within the monument also fear they’ll be subject to grazing curtailments.

As part of a wide-ranging review of national monument designations, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke recommended shrinking the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument without specifying how the boundaries should be adjusted.

Litigation over the expansion was delayed several times to allow the Trump administration to implement Zinke’s recommendation but was reactivated earlier this year when the government didn’t take action.

Plaintiffs in three complaints against the federal government — the American Forest Resource Council, Association of O&C Counties and Murphy Co. — have filed motions seeking to invalidate the monument’s expansion onto those 40,000 acres.

In two cases pending in Washington, D.C., attorneys for the Trump administration are now asking a federal judge to deny that request, arguing the expansion decision was within the president’s authority and can’t be reviewed in federal court.

The government has yet to reply to a similar motion in the third lawsuit filed in Oregon.

Even if the expansion can be challenged in federal court, the plaintiffs have “misconstrued” the O&C Act because that law “does not require the agency to manage every tree on every acre of O&C lands for timber production,” the government’s attorneys said.

The Trump administration’s arguments are similar to those made by environmental groups that have intervened in those cases — the Soda Mountain Wilderness Council, Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center and Oregon Wild.

It’s unclear what the Trump administration’s legal position portends for a possible reduction in the monument’s size by administrative action, said Lawson Fite, AFRC’s general counsel.

“I don’t think this filing rules it out, but it’s hard to say,” Fite said.

The Trump administration is probably defending the Obama-era decision to “defend the presidential prerogative” and preserve the “power of the executive,” he said.

Legal challenges to monument designations and expansions haven’t been successful in the past, but the current litigation is different due to the unique aspects of the O&C Act, which requires a sustained timber yield, Fite said.

“Our view is they don’t have as much discretion as they say they do,” he said.

BEND, Ore. (AP) — A weed-killer that killed thousands of ponderosa pines near Sisters has been linked to the deaths of other trees outside the Sunriver resort community and possibly across Oregon.

An investigation spurred by the incident in Sisters found that the active ingredient in the product known as Perspective may have killed dozens of ponderosa pines outside Sunriver and other trees in central Oregon, said Dale Mitchell, an Oregon Department of Agriculture program manager. The department monitors pesticides and herbicides in Oregon.

“We are looking at gathering additional information on this ingredient,” Mitchell said.

The Deschutes County Road Department sprayed the herbicide along two main roads that lead in and out of Sunriver in 2013 and 2014, the Bulletin reported. The roadside spraying is done to reduce the amount of flammable grass, said Chris Doty, the road department’s director.

Employees for the road department and the U.S. Forest Service found ponderosa pines with brown and ill-formed needles in the area where the herbicide was applied and reported it to the agriculture department.

Results from testing in 2015 showed that the damage had spread, according to a U.S. Forest Service report.

Although it’s not confirmed if the herbicide caused the damage, Doty said some of the tree deaths and damage were the result of root damage or other unrelated issues.

In any case, the damage was much less than in the Sisters incident.

The active ingredient in Perspective, aminocyclopyrachlor, has been linked to deaths of thousands of spruce and pines trees outside of Oregon, according to The New York Times.

Tree damage was also reported in other parts of Deschutes County after Perspective was applied near several roads. But Jean Nelson-Dean, public affairs officer for the Deschutes National Forest, said research shows the damage could have been caused by mountain pine beetles.

The Oregon Department of Agriculture has notified the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of the situation. The offices are discussing the possibility of strengthening the language on the label for Perspective.

The county has discontinued its use of Perspective, Doty said.

A program designed to incubate new leaders in Oregon agriculture and natural resources management is seeking applications for its second class, scheduled to begin in November.

The Resource Education and Agricultural Leadership program, better known as REAL Oregon, was established in 2017 and graduated its first class in March. Participants have the chance to learn about farming, fishing and forestry over a series of five sessions held statewide, while also networking with professionals in the field.

REAL Oregon is designed to help members grow into leaders through training in board governance, communication, conflict resolution, public policy work, critical thinking, government interaction, media relations, public speaking and presentations.

Applications for Class 2 are due July 27. The cost is $5,000 per person, of which half is paid by business sponsors.

“We expect it to be a fairly competitive process,” said Greg Addington, REAL Oregon director.

The REAL Oregon board of directors will review application materials in August and announce members of Class 2 in September. Addington said the program will accept up to 30 people. Application materials can be found online at www.realoregon.net.

Bill Buhrig, REAL Oregon board chairman, said graduates from the first class are already making their presence felt around the state, serving on various boards and commissions. Alumni are also serving on the program board and helping to recruit future members.

“I hope it’s a testament to what we put together that people want to come back and help make this program even better,” Buhrig said.

Four hydroelectric dams blocking fish passage along the lower Klamath River in southern Oregon and northern California are slated for removal under a “Definite Plan” filed with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

The dams — J.C. Boyle, Copco No. 1, Copco No. 2 and Iron Gate — were built between 1911 and 1962, and are currently operated by PacifiCorp with a combined generation capacity of 169 megawatts.

FERC is now considering a proposal to transfer the project’s license to the Klamath River Renewal Corporation, a nonprofit organization that intends to decommission and tear out the dams. If regulators approve the transfer, dam deconstruction could begin by 2021, opening access for salmon and steelhead to around 400 miles of habitat in the Klamath River and its tributaries.

The Klamath River Renewal Corporation, or KRRC, formed in 2016 as part of the amended Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement, signed by the U.S. Department of the Interior, along with the states of Oregon and California, PacifiCorp, local tribes, government agencies, irrigation districts, commercial fishing and conservation groups.

Together, they appointed the KRRC to take ownership and eventually demolish the dams as part of the settlement.

Mark Bransom, executive director of the KRRC, is a former instructor at Oregon State University and senior vice president in water resources and environmental management for CH2M HILL companies, a Colorado-based engineering firm. He said the 2,300-page Definite Plan, submitted June 28 to FERC is a “major milestone” in the dam removal process.

“We believe we have provided FERC with everything they have requested to this point,” Bransom said.

The plan describes in detail how the KRRC will draw down reservoirs and remove the dams, while also protecting fisheries, rehabilitating construction sites and mitigating community impacts — such as replacing a water supply pipeline for the city of Yreka, Calif., that crosses the Klamath River near the upstream end of the reservoir behind Iron Gate Dam.

Estimates peg the project cost at around $398 million, though Bransom said KRRC will hire a construction contractor some time in the next month, which will determine the “guaranteed maximum cost.”

The KRRC has a total budget of up to $450 million, with PacifiCorp ratepayers contributing $200 million and $250 million coming from California Proposition 1, a massive $7.5 billion statewide water bond that passed in 2014.

Removing the four dams should benefit migratory salmon and steelhead, Bransom said, not only boosting upstream passage but improving water quality by restoring a more free and natural flow to the river.

“It’s not hard to appreciate that the Klamath River is a working river,” Bransom said. “It has been overtaxed with regard to allocation of water and other resources in the basin.”

That has led to decades of conflicts and lawsuits seeking to balance water for fish and water for 230,000 acres of irrigated agriculture within Bureau of Reclamation’s Klamath Project.

In 2017, a federal judge ruled in favor of two California tribes, ordering additional flows in the Klamath River to flush away a deadly salmon-killing parasite known as C. shasta. The bureau released 38,425 acre-feet of water from Upper Klamath Lake in April and 50,000 acre-feet in May to comply with the order, which delayed water for farmers and ranchers until June.

Though the dams targeted for removal on the lower Klamath River do not hold any water for irrigation, Bransom said it may ultimately benefit farmers and ranchers in the long run.

“If the water quality can be improved through dam removal and (create) a more natural flow regime in the river, the flushing flows and dilution flows held in Upper Klamath Lake may or may not continue to be required,” he said. “That is water that could be held in the Klamath Project for agricultural purposes.”

Scott White, executive director of the Klamath Water Users Association, said he wants to believe that is true, though nothing has been guaranteed in writing.

White said irrigators are frustrated to see the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement revived and moving forward, while the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement — another hard-fought agreement that would have guaranteed water for agriculture — has been left for dead after Congress failed to approve the deal in 2015.

The Klamath Tribes also filed another lawsuit earlier this year seeking an injunction for more water in Upper Klamath Lake to protect two endangered species of sucker fish. A hearing in that case is scheduled for July 20 in a federal courtroom in San Francisco.

“The path we’re going down with litigation is not working, and it’s never going to work,” White said. “Until the parties can sit down and talk about these issues face to face, this basin is just going to continue to spiral out of control.”

WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump has pardoned two ranchers whose case sparked the armed occupation of a national wildlife refuge in Oregon.

Dwight and Steven Hammond were convicted in 2012 of intentionally and maliciously setting fires on public lands. The arson crime carried a minimum prison sentence of five years, but a sympathetic federal judge, on his last day before retirement, decided the penalty was too stiff and gave the father and son much lighter prison terms.

Prosecutors won an appeal and the Hammonds were resentenced in October 2015 to serve the mandatory minimum.

The decision sparked a protest from Ammon Bundy and dozens of others, who occupied the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge near the Hammond ranch in southeastern Oregon from Jan. 2 to Feb. 11, 2016, complaining the Hammonds were victims of federal overreach.

The armed occupiers changed the refuge’s name to the Harney County Resource Center, reflecting their belief that the federal government has only a very limited right to own property within a state’s borders.

Bundy was arrested during a Jan. 26 traffic stop, effectively ending the protest. Another key occupier, Robert “LaVoy” Finicum, was fatally shot that day by Oregon State Police.

In a statement Tuesday, White House press secretary Sarah Sanders called that decision to resentence the Hammonds “unjust.”

“The Hammonds are devoted family men, respected contributors to their local community, and have widespread support from their neighbors, local law enforcement, and farmers and ranchers across the West,” she said. “Justice is overdue for Dwight and Steven Hammond, both of whom are entirely deserving of these Grants of Executive Clemency.”

The pardons are the latest in a growing list of clemency actions by Trump, who has been using his pardon power with increasingly frequency in recent months.

Trump has been especially pleased with news coverage of his actions, which included commuting the sentence of Alice Johnson, a woman serving a life sentence for drug offenses whose case had been championed by reality television star Kim Kardashian West.

He has repeatedly referenced emotional video of Johnson being freed from prison and running into her family members’ arms, and has said he’s considering thousands more cases — both famous and not.

But critics say the president could be ignoring valid claims for clemency as he works outside the typical pardon process, focusing on cases brought to his attention by friends, famous people and conservative media pundits.

Aides say that Trump has been especially drawn to cases in which he believes the prosecution may have been politically motivated — a situation that may remind him of his own position at the center of the ongoing special counsel investigation into Russian election meddling.

Many have also seen the president as sending a signal with his pardons to former aides and associates caught up in the probe, or lashing out at enemies like former FBI Director James Comey, who oversaw the prosecution of lifestyle guru Martha Stewart, whom Trump has said he is thinking of pardoning.

SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — A Utah militia group leader who pleaded guilty to trying to blow up a federal cabin in Arizona was ordered to be released on time served Monday after spending two years in jail.

The sentencing of William Keebler, 59, concludes a case that began amid heightened tensions between the federal government and militia groups over control of public land in the West. Keebler appeared on authorities’ radar after spending time with Nevada rancher Cliven Bundy during his armed 2014 standoff over grazing fees.

U.S. Attorney John Hubert said outside federal court that Keebler’s case ought to be an example to other groups. “My hope is that it’s more of a general deterrent for likeminded people who may want to act upon their philosophies and beliefs and plan violent acts,” Hubert said.

Keebler, shackled at the wrists and ankles and dressed in a striped jumpsuit, appeared calm as Judge David Sam ordered his imminent release in a federal courtroom in downtown Salt Lake City.

Keebler declined to make a statement in court.

Sam said Keebler had been a model prisoner since his arrest after trying to bomb a Bureau of Land Management cabin in 2016. The judge cited his age and multiple physical ailments, including prostate cancer and heart disease, as reasons for allowing him to be released from federal custody.

“He has expressed what appears to be a sincere apology for his misconduct,” Sam said.

Keebler pleaded guilty to a felony charge of attempting to destroy federal property in April.

He spent two weeks at Bundy’s ranch and boasted about his efforts to organize supporters who flocked to Bundy’s defense, prosecutors said.

Keebler then returned to Utah and started a small group of about seven people called the Patriots Defense Force in the desert about 40 miles west of Salt Lake City. Three of his followers were undercover FBI agents, according to testimony in the case.

While organizing his group, Keebler met with Robert “LaVoy” Finicum, an Arizona rancher who was killed in a confrontation with law enforcement officers after occupying a remote Oregon wildlife refuge.

In 2016, Keebler was arrested after planting what he believed to be an active pipe bomb at the door of an empty BLM cabin used to house seasonal workers in a remote corner in northern Arizona near Mt. Trumbull.

Supporters have said he was set up by the government. Undercover agents provided him with the inert bomb and goaded him into targeting the cabin, they said.

More than a dozen letters submitted by family and friends on Keebler’s behalf ahead of Monday’s hearing described the U.S. Army veteran as a community-minded and impassioned patriot who sometimes failed to keep his ego and “big mouth” in check.

Law enforcement officials have said Keebler led the charge as an anti-government extremist. Keebler had also considered attacking mosques, a downtown Salt Lake City office and military facilities before settling on the remote cabin. His behavior would have escalated had he not been stopped, they said.

“He had many opportunities to get off that path,” said Eric Barnhart, FBI special agent in charge for the Salt Lake City Division. “He certainly was enthusiastic about what he had thought he’d done and expressed sentiments that he wanted to move on to other acts.”

Prosecutors had sought a sentence of nearly six years in prison.

After Keebler’s release, he will remain under probation for three years and will have to undergo mental health treatment.

Terms of his release allow Keebler to return to federally managed lands but bar him from bringing a weapon onto them.

DENVER (AP) — An illegal campfire likely ignited another destructive blaze in Colorado, an outcome authorities were trying to avoid across the hot, dry U.S. West by enforcing strict fire rules and closing some public lands.

Several people have been arrested in two Colorado wildfires that burned homes after ignoring local and federal restrictions on campfires, target shooting and other activities aimed at combating and avoiding explosive blazes across the U.S. region.

Parts of Colorado and other Western states have been grappling with heat and severe drought. In Arizona, large swaths of national forests and state trust land have been closed since before Memorial Day, while some national forests in New Mexico are opening up after rain helped ease fire danger that kept popular trails and camping spots off limits for weeks.

A national forest in Colorado fully closed last month for the first time in 16 years to prevent new wildfires started by people. And Rocky Mountain National Park imposed a ban on all campfires starting Friday because of the risk of having a new fire start with firefighters already busy.

Investigators announced Monday that three people were arrested on suspicion of starting a campfire and leaving it unattended in Colorado’s south-central mountains, sparking a blaze that destroyed at least eight homes.

The sheriff’s office in Teller County, which has a fire ban, did not release other details about the allegations against David Renfrow, 23; Kegan Owens, 19; and a 17-year-old boy. Renfrow and Owens were in jail, and it wasn’t clear if they had lawyers. They have not been formally charged yet.

It comes a week after a man was arrested on suspicion of starting the state’s third-largest wildfire in recorded history by not fully extinguishing an illegal fire pit. It has destroyed more than 130 homes in southern Colorado, but firefighters have made significant progress against the 168-square-mile fire.

Flames sparked in ski country also have led authorities to issue arrest warrants for two people at a shooting range accused of using tracer ammunition, which illuminates the path of fired bullets and is always banned at state ranges regardless of fire conditions. Prosecutors say one of the rounds ignited vegetation on July 3.

The blaze destroyed three homes about 20 miles from Aspen, and other shooting ranges have temporarily closed because of fire danger.

More details on large wildfires across the West:

Fires on both ends of the state eased Monday.

Crews gained some ground against flames on the California-Oregon border that killed a person and injured three firefighters. The blaze, which threatened more than 800 structures, was partially contained, but fire officials were concerned about erratic winds later Monday.

The fire has destroyed 81 structures, but officials have not determined how many are homes.

Firefighter Brandon Feller suffered severe burns to his face but was released from a hospital Sunday in good spirits, according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.

The wildfire raging through drought-stricken timber and brush has scorched 55 square miles and jumped into Oregon over the weekend.

In Southern California, several destructive blazes that broke out late last week during an intense heat wave have quieted down.

Firefighters in the San Diego County community of Alpine mopped up remnants of a fire that destroyed 34 houses and damaged 15 others. A commercial building also was lost.

Santa Barbara County allowed residents to return to a neighborhood in the coastal city of Goleta where 2,500 people fled wind-driven flames that destroyed 13 homes and damaged three others.

A fast-growing wildfire roaring through dry grass kept fire crews busy Monday amid heat and high wind in remote northern Nevada.

Flames the size of a four-story building torched nearly 625 square miles of cattle-grazing land and habitat for the imperiled sage grouse near the border with Oregon and Idaho, said Norm Rooker with the fire’s incident management team.

The blaze is feeding on dry cheatgrass that’s 10 times more plentiful than normal in some spots after a low-snow winter failed to tamp down a bumper crop of the invasive grass from last year, he said.

“It’s like they’ve thrown a match on gasoline, it’s burning that intense, that hot, that quickly,” he said.

Police are investigating how the fire ignited and looking for anyone camping in the sparsely populated ranching area on July 4.

The blaze has come close to at least four ranches, but crews have protected them, Rooker said.

Wet weekend weather helped crews fighting a Utah wildfire that torched dozens of buildings and forced more than 1,000 people from their homes.

The fire in a mountain area near a popular fishing reservoir grew to about 78 square miles but containment also increased, authorities said Monday.

Scattered showers and relatively cooler temperatures were expected at least through Tuesday, and some evacuees have been allowed to return home.

Investigators believe someone sparked the fire July 1 and it has burned through timber, tall grass and brush about 80 miles southeast of Salt Lake City.

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Associated Press reporters Olga R. Rodriguez in San Francisco, John Antczak in Los Angeles and Lindsay Whitehurst in Salt Lake City contributed.

RENO, Nev. (AP) — A fast-growing wildfire roaring through dry grass kept fire crews busy Monday amid heat and high wind in a remote part of northern Nevada.

Flames the size of a four-story building torched nearly 625 square miles of cattle-grazing land and habitat for the imperiled sage grouse near the border with Oregon and Idaho, said Norm Rooker with the fire’s Incident Management Team.

The blaze is being fed largely by tall, dry cheatgrass that’s 10 times more plentiful than normal in some spots after a low-snow winter failed to tamp down a bumper crop from last year, he said.

“It’s like they’ve thrown a match on gasoline. It’s burning that intense, that hot, that quickly,” he said.

Police are investigating what started the fire and looking for anyone camping in the sparsely populated ranching area on July 4.

The blaze has come close to at least four ranches, but crews have been able to protect them, Rooker said. It’s not threatening populated areas, but the scorched land left behind will likely take years to recover, he said.

Hundreds of firefighters are battling the blaze through rolling, rocky hills with the help of water-scooping aircraft. They’re working through low humidity, hot temperatures and strong winds.

The fire was about 8 percent contained as of Sunday night. But crews are making progress on setting up containment lines to keep it from spreading further, Rooker said.