An alliance of conservation groups is asking Oregon Gov. Kate Brown to reopen the state’s investigation into the killing of a female wolf Oct. 27 in Union County.

Brian Scott, a 38-year-old elk hunter from Clackamas, shot the wolf after he claims the animal charged him, though critics argue that photos released by Oregon State Police directly contradict that story.

The groups — 18 in all — sent a letter Thursday to Brown requesting that OSP reopen the case, with independent oversight from the Office of the Attorney General and full cooperation from the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife.

“Enforcement of Oregon’s wildlife laws is crucial to deter criminals and to protect our state’s most vulnerable species,” the letter reads. “A failure to hold OSP accountable in this case could set a dangerous precedent and send a message that Oregon will look the other way when it comes to illegally killing wolves and other wildlife.”

A spokesman for the governor’s office did not return calls by press time.

In a recent interview with the Capital Press Scott said he screamed when he saw the wolf charging him, pulled up his rifle and fired a single shot. The 83-pound female was associated with the OR-30 pair of wolves occupying the Starkey and Ukiah wildlife management units, straddling Umatilla and Union counties.

Scott said he feared for his life, and felt he would have been mauled had he not shot.

“I take no pride in this at all,” Scott said. “The only thing I’m happy about is I made it home to my wife and two children.”

However, as the groups point out, photos show the bullet passed through the wolf’s shoulders, an indication that maybe the animal was standing broadside to Scott rather than running directly at him. The evidence “casts serious doubt on both the hunter’s story and OSP’s interpretation of the evidence,” the letter states.

The Union County District Attorney’s Office declined to prosecute Scott, chalking up the incident to self-defense. It is illegal to kill wolves in Oregon except in defense of human life or to protect livestock under a specific set of circumstances.

“Self-defense claims are difficult to substantiate in cases like this,” the letter goes on. “We are not questioning that the hunter may have felt fearful. We are, however, questioning his story that he shot the wolf while it was running toward him. We are questioning OSP’s official report of the incident, which corroborated the hunter’s story even though the evidence suggested otherwise. And we are questioning the Union County District Attorney’s decision not to prosecute.”

Scott told the Capital Press he cannot explain the bullet’s trajectory, and does not know if the animal veered sideways as he shot. He said the moment makes him almost nauseous, and it will be something he has to live with the rest of his life.

Steve Pedery, conservation director for Oregon Wild, said the physical evidence raises a red flag, and he does not want to see self-defense become a “get out of jail free card” for potential poachers.

“It’s irresponsible of ODFW and OSP to let this stand, if the physical evidence contradicts it,” Pedery said.

In addition to Oregon Wild, groups that signed on to the letter include the Center for Biological Diversity, Sierra Club, Defenders of Wildlife and Endangered Species Coalition, among others.

A horse remains quarantined at Oregon State University after it was diagnosed with a particularly damaging neurotropic form of a common virus.

The horse became severely ill Nov. 4 at its owner’s property in Coos Bay, Ore., and was taken to OSU’s College of Veterinary Medicine for treatment. The virus is contagious, and the college has suspended elective procedures on other horses and on alpacas and llamas for two weeks to reduce the risk of them becoming ill as well. The virus is not dangerous to humans, but people can spread it to animals through hand or clothing contact with sick horses.

Erica McKenzie, professor of large animal internal medicine at OSU, said the horse has a good prognosis but remains in isolation at the Lois Bates Acheson Veterinary Teaching Hospital for now.

The illness is caused by a mutated form of Equine Herpes Virus-1, a common ailment somewhat like a cold is to humans. Most horses will contract EHV-1 and develop minor respiratory problems at some point, but in some animals the virus takes a turn and attacks the nervous system.

The illness usually shows up first as weakness in the hind quarters, with animals stumbling or developing an unusual gait. Other signs include weak tail tone, nasal discharge, fever and difficulty urinating. Geldings and stallions may be unable to retract their penis. Pregnant mares may abort. In rare cases, EHV-1 can cause blindness and central nervous system damage in alpacas and llamas.

Animals showing signs of the illness should immediately be isolated and owners should contact their vets, according to OSU.

McKenzie said a vaccine for EHV-1 can ease symptoms of the common form of the virus, but it does not prevent animals from developing the more serious neurotropic form of the virus.

Online

More information regarding EHV-1 and biosecurity recommendations from the American Association of Equine Practitioners http://bit.ly/2jeDtmh

RICHLAND, Wash. (AP) — Inspectors at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in south-central Washington state have found at least seven leaks in the site’s oldest double-walled radioactive waste storage tank.

Tank AY-102 was known since 2012 to have a slow leak from its inner shell into the space between its inner and outer walls.

The Tri-City Herald reports that the tank, which was built in the 1960s and once held 744,000 gallons of waste, had been emptied of all but 19,000 gallons by February.

Then an inspection was done with video cameras.

Glyn Trenchard, a tank manager for the U.S. Department of Energy, told the Hanford Advisory Board on Wednesday that a total of seven leaks were found.

The Energy Department said no waste is believed to have breached the outer shell to contaminate the environment.

Hanford for decades made plutonium for nuclear weapons and the wastes are left over from that work. The most toxic wastes are stored in 177 giant underground tanks. There are 28 newer double-walled tanks and 149 single-walled tanks, some of which date back to the dawn of the Cold War. Many of the single-walled tanks have leaked over the years.

The tanks are made of carbon steel and contain more than 56 million gallons of the wastes that are the most difficult to treat for permanent disposal. Efforts to dispose of those wastes are expected to take decades and cost tens of billions of dollars.

When Tank AY-102 was emptied, leaks were revealed in two welds on the bottom of the inner wall, Trenchard said.

In addition, corrosion appeared to have left pits in the floor of the inner wall, he said.

To determine if any of the pits went all the way through the steel, a small amount of liquid was pumped into the space. The liquid drained through the pits in five places, bringing the total number of known leaks to at least seven, Trenchard said.

The inspection data will be used as the Department of Energy and state Department of Ecology negotiate on whether the tank can be repaired and returned to service.

FRIDAY, NOV. 10

Fridays

WASHINGTON (AP) — The Republican-controlled House has approved a bill aimed at expanding hydroelectric power, an action supporters said would boost a clean source of renewable energy but opponents denounced as a giveaway to large power companies.

The bill, sponsored by Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers of Washington state, would define hydropower as a renewable energy source and streamline the way projects are licensed, with primary authority granted to a single federal agency. Lawmakers approved the bill Wednesday, 257-166.

Power from rivers and streams makes up nearly 70 percent of electricity generated in Washington state and accounts for more than 50 percent of power in Oregon and Idaho and 36 percent in Montana. But hydropower only accounts for 7 percent of electricity nationwide.

McMorris Rodgers, the fourth-highest ranking Republican, said that figure could be doubled without constructing a single dam. While it takes an average of 18 months to license a new natural gas plant, it can take up to 10 years or longer to license a new dam or relicense an existing dam, she and other Republicans said.

Only 3 percent of the nation’s 80,000 dams now produce electricity. Electrifying some of the larger sites - primarily locks and dams on the Ohio, Mississippi, Alabama and Arkansas Rivers that are operated by the Army Corps of Engineers - would generate electricity for millions of homes and create thousands of jobs, an Energy Department report said.

The bill would make the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission the lead agency on hydropower licensing and require states, tribes and other federal agencies to defer to the commission.

The GOP bill would lower electricity costs and help the nation follow the Northwest in providing “reliable, clean and affordable energy for generations to come,” McMorris Rodgers said.

Opponents said the bill turns over public waterways to industry at the expense of fishermen, boaters and Native American tribes.

“This bill is an industry wish list and it’s facing major opposition by states, tribes, conservation and recreation groups,” said Amy Kober, a spokeswoman for American Rivers, an environmental group. The legislation weakens protections for clean water and wildlife and strips states and tribes of their authority to ensure crucial environmental safeguards, Kober said.

“We’ve made progress when it comes to balancing hydro production and river health, but this bill would take us backward, giving big energy companies all the power at the expense of local communities,” she said.

Rep. Bobby Rush, D-Ill., said a major cause for licensing delays was due to incomplete applications submitted by power companies rather than bureaucratic bungling, as Republicans charge.

“We cannot allow hydropower facilities to claim a monopoly over our public waterways without mitigating the negative impacts of these facilities ... and without complying with modern environmental laws,” Rush said.

But LeRoy Coleman, a spokesman for the National Hydropower Association, said the bill “would not have the unintended effect of rolling back environmental protections.” He noted it preserves the current environmental regulatory authorities of state and federal agencies.

The bill now goes to the Senate.

WASHINGTON, D.C. — Potato farmers who attend National Potato Council’s upcoming Potato Expo 2018 in Orlando, Fla., will also be helping to feed children in need.

Potato Expo is scheduled for Jan. 10-12 at Rosen Shingle Creek, and will be followed by the NPC’s annual meeting Jan. 12-13.

NPC will solicit donations from guests at the event, aiming to fund at least 2,000 Hi-Five Kids Packs, which are provided by Second Harvest of Central Florida to keep children who qualify for free or reduced-price school lunches fed during weekends and breaks. The packs contain cereal, milk, juice, fruit cups and shelf-stable potato products.

Potato Expo co-chairman Jim Tiede, a farmer from American Falls, Idaho, said the Eastern Idaho dehydrated potato manufacturers Idahoan Foods and Basic American Foods have donated potato products for the packs.

“They get those kids eating those potato products at an early age, and they’ll be buyers for the rest of their lives,” Tiede said, adding that the primary reason for the donations is to support a good cause and “feed some hungry kids.”

The headline speaker during Potato Expo will be Jim Knight, described as an author, a “business culture catalyst” and a former Hard Rock International executive. His talk will be titled “Culture that Rocks: How to Amp up or Revolutionize a Company’s Culture.”

The event’s keynote speaker will be Merril Hoge, a former NFL star and ESPN analyst and a cancer survivor. Hoge played college football at Idaho State University in Pocatello, Idaho. His talk will be called “Finding a Way: Succeeding in the Face of Adversity.”

In addition to the talks, Tiede said the event will include exhibits featuring “state-of-the-art chemicals and equipment.” The expo will also include the Third Annual Spud Nation Throwdown, a cooking competition hosted by supermarket expert Phil Lempert.

“The most important part is the networking you get to do with the other growers from other areas,” Tiede said.

For more information, or to register, visit potato-expo.com.

With its forceful foray into the hazelnut business, the Wilco farmers’ cooperative is also bringing in a new CEO with experience in the food processing industry.

Last year, Wilco merged with the Hazelnut Growers of Oregon cooperative, adding a significant new venture to its existing businesses of retail stores, agronomy supplies and fuel distribution.

The merged cooperatives will operate out of a massive new processing facility and distribution center in Donald, Ore., that’s nearing completion.

By the end of the year, former Oregon Chery Growers CEO Tim Ramsey will be taking the helm at Wilco when its current chief, Doug Hoffman, retires after 23 years.

As he switches from cherries to hazelnuts, Ramsey looks forward to growing the consumer market for the crop.

“We want to take the lead in driving new products and domestic consumption growth,” he said.

Traditionally, Hazelnut Growers of Oregon has largely been geared toward packing in-shell hazelnuts for China — a major export destination — and shelling them for food manufacturers.

Since it already operates 18 retail stores in Oregon and Washington, Wilco now sees an opportunity to sell packaged hazelnut products to consumers as well.

Hazelnuts aren’t widely available at mainstream grocery stores, so consumers must often seek them out at specialty shops, said Hoffman.

“Today, it’s hard to find on the shelf,” he said.

To compare, walnuts processed by the Blue Diamond company have a strong consumer presence, said Ramsey.

As it works to increase the domestic visibility of hazelnuts, Wilco benefits from the fact they’re grown by its own farmers — modern consumers value such transparency, he said.

Market research will determine the exact nature of Wilco’s hazelnut products, but history has shown that crops can quickly achieve breakthrough popularity with the right approach, Ramsey said.

“Who had a pomegranate before five years ago? Look what POM (the food products company) has done with the pomegranate,” he said.

Wilco’s retail farm stores have been successful at a time when the overall bricks-and-mortar retail industry is under stress.

Up until now, the cooperative has focused on the Interstate 5 corridor in Oregon and Washington, but it’s exploring an expansion into California and elsewhere in the Northwest, said Hoffman.

The company has found its niche in locations with a substantial population base that earns a decent income but are still rural enough for raising livestock and hobby farming.

“Our stores don’t fit in all communities,” Hoffman said.

The biggest challenge for Wilco’s retail stores is e-commerce, which the cooperative aims to overcome with its own strategy for online shopping.

Retail stores can serve as useful pickup points for items bought online, said Hoffman. “It’s the same reason Amazon bought Whole Foods.”

Wilco isn’t as vulnerable to the rise of e-commerce as grocery stores, since its retail stores often sell items that are too heavy or unwieldy for easy shipping, Ramsey said.

“Not everybody is going to buy T posts online,” he said.

Wilco’s agronomy unit is also adapting to changes in production agriculture with its recent joint venture with Valley Agronomics and Winfield Solutions.

The joint venture allows the three companies to reach more farmers over a larger geographical area while increasing their buying power for fertilizers and chemicals, said Hoffman.

Such expansion is necessary as farmers have grown larger and suppliers have become more consolidated, he said. “Our competitors also grew. They became national competitors.”

The Oregon elk hunter who shot a protected gray wolf believes he would have been mauled or killed if he hadn’t fired when it ran at him.

Brian Scott is being roasted on social media and criticized by biologists and activists who question his story. They’ve keyed in on the bullet’s trajectory, which passed through the wolf’s shoulders, perhaps indicating it was standing broadside to Scott instead of running directly at him.

Scott said he can’t explain it and doesn’t know if the wolf perhaps veered sideways as he fired. Scott said he has replayed the moment in his mind countless times and always concludes he did what he had to do.

“I’ve got to live with what I did for the rest of my life,” Scott said in an hour-long phone interview with the Capital Press. “I killed a wolf. It makes me almost nauseous to think about that moment.

“I take no pride in this at all,” he said. “The only thing I’m happy about is I made it home to my wife and children.”

Scott, 38, lives in Clackamas, Ore., a suburb of Portland. He and his wife have two elementary school-age children and he owns a small business. He said he has hunted since he was a boy in Texas and described himself as a “meat hunter,” someone who eats what they kill. On Oct. 27 he was on his third day of hunting elk in ODFW’s Starkey Wildlife Management Unit west of La Grande, in Northeast Oregon.

Scott said he was in fog-shrouded timber and intermittently saw animals moving around him, but wasn’t sure if he was seeing a cougar, coyotes or something else. He made his way out of the fog to a ridge top and sat for perhaps 25 minutes, then walked out into a meadow. Two wolves emerged from the fog to his left, looked at him, then headed in what he described as a flanking move behind him. A third wolf came running directly at him.

“I screamed, got it in my (scope) crosshairs, saw fur and pulled the trigger,” Scott said. He said he whirled around, fearing the other two would attack, but saw them running away. He heard a fourth wolf howl nearby, and believes a pack was around him. ODFW has not officially designated a pack in that area; instead referring to it as territory of a collared wolf known as OR-30 and his mate. The wolf Scott shot, an 83-pound female, might be their offspring.

Badly shaken, Scott returned to his hunting camp about a mile away and told companions what had happened. They went to the site, confirmed it was a wolf and Scott called Oregon State Police and ODFW.

A casing from Scott’s 30.06 rifle was found 27 yards from the carcass. The Union County district attorney’s office in La Grande reviewed the case and decided not to press charges. An Oregon State Police spokesman said evidence at the scene backed Scott’s story and said the fact that he self-reported killing the wolf was “compelling.”

Scott, who was hunting alone at the time, said he could have hidden the wolf’s carcass and told his companions back at camp that the gunshot they heard was him firing at an elk and missing.

“I feel like I did the right thing,” he said. “I reported it immediately and was ready to face public scrutiny.”

That has surely been the case. On social media and in comments to on-line news articles, posters have called Scott a liar, coward and an irresponsible hunter.

Carter Niemeyer, a retired U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist who is considered one of the nation’s top wolf experts, said he didn’t believe Scott’s story because of the bullet’s path. “That’s a broadside shot,” he told the Capital Press.

He and others said wolves are afraid of humans. People in such situations should make their presence known, shout, throw things or, if armed, fire a shot into the ground. Niemeyer said people venturing into the forest should carry bear repellent spray, which would work on wolves, cougars or coyotes.

Activists point out that wolves have not harmed anyone since they re-entered Oregon and the state established a management plan. At the end of 2016, ODFW confirmed 112 wolves in Oregon; the actual number is presumed to be higher.

Rob Klavins, Northeast Oregon representative for the conservation group Oregon Wild, said he’s encountered wolves several times in Wallowa County without harm to his hiking party or his dogs, which he keeps on leash in wolf territory.

“This person may have felt fear, but since wolves returned to Oregon no one has so much as been licked by a wolf, and that’s still true today,” he said.

Derek Broman, an ODFW carnivore biologist, said wolves often travel in pairs or packs, and seeing several together does not necessarily mean they were in a hunting formation.

He said wolves are “coursing” hunters, meaning they take down prey by chasing, repeatedly biting and wearing down elk, deer or cattle. They will approach stealthily and charge, seeking to attack in habitat that allows them to move easily, Broman said.

Broman said animals in the wild usually avoid people, and wolf attacks on humans are extremely rare. People faced with a wolf should not run, he said, because that would trigger an innate, evolutionary chase response.

Animals have evolved to recognize certain prey, and humans are “something completely different” to predators, he said.

“On a minute by minute basis, wildlife is trying to survive,” Broman said. “If they don’t have a 90 percent chance of success, they’re not going to give it a go. Cougars are so powerful they could do anything, but they don’t.

“For a wolf to come near is not totally unheard of, and it’s not necessarily concerning,” he said. “We don’t know what the animal was keying in on, or if it was keying in on anything at all.”

Scott said critics should put themselves in his shoes.

“I felt I had run out of time,” he said. “I’m a dog owner, I grew up on a ranch, I know how fast dogs are. Twenty-seven yards gave me seconds to react.”

Scott said he doesn’t demonize wolves; he considers them majestic animals. He said hunters and others going into the wild should be aware they are more likely now to encounter wolves. He thinks ODFW should do more to educate the public, an effort that could include posting warning signs at the approaches to known pack territory.

In the meantime, he’s enduring ridicule and doubt about his account.

“This isn’t me sitting there watching a wolf, taking a pot shot, then panicking, calling up Oregon State Police and making up an absurd story,” he said.

“I was being charged by a wolf,” he said. “The wolf is now dead and I got to come home. Whether people want to buy that or not, I don’t care.”

UNION, Ore. — Shelby Swindlehurst was one of the first to join Burnt River School’s FFA chapter when she was a sophomore at the high school. Now a sophomore at Eastern Oregon University studying agricultural sciences, she was awarded one of the organization’s top honors, the American Degree, at this year’s FFA national convention.

The degree is awarded to FFA members who have “demonstrated the highest level of commitment to FFA and made significant accomplishments in their supervised agricultural experiences,” according to the FFA website.

Less than 1 percent of members are awarded the degree each year.

“At first I didn’t realize how big it really was because I’ve never been around anyone who had it,” she said. “Same with my advisor, but she knew it was a big deal. This year when I went to nationals, it was an eye-opener about how big an accomplishment it was.”

Swindlehurst is the first in the Burnt River School District to receive this award.

Among the requirements for the American Degree are: receiving the State FFA Degree, being an active member for the past three years, having completed three years of systematic secondary school instruction in an agricultural education program, having graduated from high school, maintaining records to substantiate an outstanding supervised agricultural experience, earning at least $10,000 and productively investing $7,500 and having participated in at least 50 hours of community service.

Along with Swindlehurst, seven other students from Burnt River participated at the convention. Shayla Winton, Noah Ray, Stran Siddoway, Shea Swindlehurst and Tyler Belveal went for the experience, and Gustavo Ferrareto and Tim Barabas competed.

Ferrareto and Barabas were exchange students from Brazil and Germany, respectively. Their Agriscience project compared 13 countries’ agricultural knowledge.

“I didn’t believe when Mrs. Wilson sent me the message telling me that we made it to nationals,” Ferrareto said. “It was an incredible thing for Tim and I, the first people from Burnt River in FFA Nationals convention. Being exchange students made us feel a lot more special because we had the feeling that we did awesome even being against American high school students.”

The results of their project showed that agricultural knowledge in urban areas of the countries were “not outstanding at all,” Barabas said. The most surprising find: the U.S. ranked last in the overall average scores.

“Even in a country with an extremely effective agricultural education with FFA and subjects like animal science, ag mechanics, ag business and plant science, urban areas have a huge problem,” Barabas said. “In our opinion, the lack of agricultural knowledge is an international problem, which can be solved even better by the cooperation of nations.”

Ferrareto and Barabas placed ninth at the convention.

Although Burnt River High School, about 40 miles southwest of Baker City, Ore., has only 19 students enrolled at the high school, 17 of them are involved in FFA. Jessica Wilson, FFA advisor for the school district, said that half of the population is exchange students from around the urban U.S. and abroad.

“It’s an opportunity we have that’s available,” she said. “I’d like it if we could get more kids to come to the school, kids that want to be in ag and experience life in the West.”

Rory and Krystal Swindlehurst offer lodging for exchange students at the Burnt River Integrated Agriculture Research Ranch (BRIARR). Krystal Swindlehurst said she hopes that it helps the school grow.

“At our state convention almost every kid in our group was up there competing against schools with three thousand kids,” she said. “I just think it shows that as a group they’re very committed.”

Barabas and Ferrareto said FFA was instrumental in their exchange, and they thanked Wilson and the entire Burnt River School District for their support. Barabas said that next to the community, agriculture was what helped him and Ferrareto have a great year.

“Agriculture gave us no time to become bored in a town that consists of one main street, a gas station and one school. It brought us together with the entire school on the weekends and created a very special relationship between every single individual in school,” Barabas said. “It taught us to respect our food and the people taking care of our nutrition.”

ONTARIO, Ore. — Research by Oregon State University scientists relating to the Food and Drug Administration’s new produce safety rule is benefiting onion growers.

And onion growers have themselves to thank for that, industry leaders say, because they’re the ones who funded a good portion of the research through their checkoff dollars.

“That has been money well spent, no doubt about it, and I think everybody agrees with that,” said Kay Riley, marketing order chairman for the Idaho-Eastern Oregon Onion Committee. “It wasn’t a hard sell to the (IEOOC) research committee to fund those studies.”

Researchers at OSU’s Malheur County experiment station conducted several trials over the past four years that collectively showed onions are not at risk of being contaminated by irrigation water containing large amounts of bacteria.

Those studies helped FDA change its mind on some of the agricultural water standards originally contained in the produce rule, in a way that benefits bulb onions growers.

Beyond that, the research could also help growers who face industry-required Good Agricultural Practices audits, said OSU Extension cropping systems agent Stuart Reitz.

Many of the 300 onion growers in the Idaho-Oregon onion growing region face GAP audits, and some of them face several other types of audits as well, he said. Those audits require them to show they are growing onions in a safe and sanitary manner.

OSU researchers are starting to get the produce rule-related studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals — one has already been published and another has been submitted for review. That will allow onion growers to incorporate the findings of that research into their GAP audits, Reitz said.

“We’re trying to finish getting some of the studies we’ve done published so we have scientifically valid studies that growers can incorporate into the farm safety plans that GAP audits require,” he said.

Clint Shock, director of the OSU experiment station in Malheur County, said the studies included loading irrigation water with large amounts of bacteria and then tracking E. coli contamination in the field and on onions.

Despite loading the water with bacteria, no traces of E. coli were ever found in an onion, Shock said.

Another study showed that using plastic bins instead of the wooden ones used for decades resulted in no difference in detectable levels of E. coli.

“There is no difference between plastic and wooden bins in terms of food safety,” Reitz said.

That research helped convince FDA to drop a produce rule provision that could have required growers to switch to plastic bins.

There are about 1 million wooden onion bins in the region, and replacing them with plastic bins would have been expensive, said Riley, who is also manager of Snake River Produce.

Plastic bins cost three times as much as wooden bins and hold two-thirds as much onions, he said.

A public-private partnership between the Indie Hops company and Oregon State University has yielded its first new hop cultivar after roughly seven years of research.

The variety, dubbed “Strata,” combines the sought-after citrus aroma with the “dank” smell often associated with cannabis, said Jim Solberg, CEO of Indie Hops.

“We’re pretty confident the hop will catch on and be a strong new variety,” he said.

Breeder Shaun Townsend collected the seed that would become Strata in the winter of 2010, when Indie Hops began contracting with OSU to develop new cultivars for craft brewers.

A field of female Perle hops had been open-pollinated by multiple male varieties from a nearby research yard, producing seed that germinated into roughly 10,000 plants with a wide range of characteristics.

At the time, the relationship between OSU and Indie Hops was controversial in Oregon’s hop farming community because a public facility would be used to develop controlled private varieties that aren’t widely available to growers.

Farmers had built trellises and other infrastructure at OSU that would no longer be used for public research, said Michelle Palacios, administrator of the Oregon Hop Commission.

“There was a lot of heartburn over that,” she said.

Since then, though, Oregon hop farmers have mended their relationship with OSU, which continues to cooperate with the industry on plant pathology and fermentation science, Palacios said.

“I think the industry has accepted it as it is,” she said of OSU’s public-private partnership with Indie Hops.

Disputes over public-private partnerships aren’t unique to the hop industry, said Ann George, executive director of the Hop Growers of America.

The “strings attached” to private money granted to public universities is a common point of debate, she said. “There’s always going to be that difficulty, when you have public research institutions that are not entirely funded publicly.”

Strata was one of roughly 10,000 seedlings that were exposed to mildews and other diseases in an OSU greenhouse, with the aim of weeding out plants susceptible to pathogens.

Those that survived were planted out to an experimental yard at OSU where they weren’t treated with fungicides and generally were not fussed over, as they would be at a commercial farm.

The goal was to identify naturally disease-resistant plants that would thrive without much encouragement, said Solberg. “They’re pretty hard on the plants at the experimental yard.”

As the plants were being evaluated for their agronomic traits, their cones were analyzed for chemistry and brewing potential on a small scale.

Hops that showed promise in the field and at the brewery were then moved to an advanced nursery trial in which their vegetatively propagated descendants were grown in about 30 different locations.

Strata was seen as having potential to stand out in the market, leading to further study in a commercial pilot where it was planted to five acres at several farms.

Strata’s vigorous growth, strong root system and decent early yields convinced Indie Hops to plant it commercially on three farms totaling 95 acres this year, with the first commercial crop to be harvested in 2018.

The cultivar had to be unique enough to warrant a commercial release at a time when growers have many more varieties to chose from than a decade ago, said Solberg.

Strata also came of age during a tough hop market, he said. “It’s definitely a market that’s oversupplied with hops.”

The new variety is now one of 84 on the official Hop Growers of America list of cultivars, said Ann George, the group’s executive director.

The list isn’t comprehensive, since some likely future varieties have yet to be added to it while some older varieties have fallen out of favor, she said.

More hop cultivars are now available to growers, but farms are also cultivating a greater diversity of them, George said. A typical grower now produces 12 or more varieties, up from the traditional six to eight.

“Most growers will agree they’re growing double the number of varieties they’re used to,” she said.

LAS VEGAS (AP) — Trial opens Tuesday in Las Vegas for Nevada rancher Cliven Bundy, two of his sons and a co-defendant accused of leading an armed standoff in 2014 against government agents in a decades-long cattle grazing dispute.

Prosecutors will tell a jury that the 71-year-old Bundy, sons Ryan and Ammon Bundy, and co-defendant Ryan Payne of Anaconda, Montana, conspired to enlist a self-styled militia to defy government authority at the point of a gun.

Defense attorneys say the men didn’t conspire with anyone, didn’t wield weapons and didn’t threaten anybody.

The standoff near Bunkerville, Nevada, about 80 miles northeast of Las Vegas, was an iconic moment in a decades-long turf battle about federal control of vast rangelands in the Western U.S.

The men are accused of calling for a “range war” to stop government enforcement of lawful court orders to round up Bundy cows for failure to pay federal grazing fees and penalties.

The Bundys and Payne have been jailed since early 2016 as a danger to the community and at risk to not follow court orders or return for hearing dates.

The defendants have been attending court wearing red jail scrubs, to protest their nearly two-year detention without trial. Ryan Bundy is serving as his own lawyer.

Each man refused to enter a plea, saying he didn’t recognize the authority of the government. A magistrate judge entered not-guilty pleas for the men, who are expected to testify.

Bundy argues that his family has used the same public range for more than a century and the land belongs to the state, not the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.

Acting U.S. Attorney Steven Myhre argues that the federal agency was enforcing lawful court orders to remove Bundy cows from what is now Gold Butte National Monument after the rancher racked up more than $1.1 million in unpaid fees and penalties.

Bundy’s lawyer, Bret Whipple, says Bundy was willing to pay his fees, and even tried to send a check in March 1994 to Clark County. It was returned with a letter saying the payment should go to the federal government.

Federal prosecutors in Nevada have twice failed to win full convictions at trial of men who had guns during the tense confrontation involving hundreds of protesters who stopped government agents from rounding up Bundy’s cattle.

Defense attorneys cast the standoff as a peaceful protest, with no shots fired and no one injured before overreaching government officials abandoned the cattle roundup and went home.

The men each face 15 felony charges, including conspiracy, assault and threats against federal officers, firearms counts, obstruction and extortion. Stacked together, convictions on all charges carry the possibility of more than 170 years in prison.

John Huffman, a Republican from the Dalles, has received one of the plum political appointments from the federal government.

Huffman left the Oregon House in October after 10 years to become Oregon’s director of rural development for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The position has frequently been filled by legislators. Huffman’s predecessor, Vicki Walker, is a former Democratic state senator from Eugene who filled the job during the Obama administration.  Former House Speaker Mark Simmons, R-Elgin, was appointed to the job in 2005 during the Bush administration.

In his new position, Huffman heads a staff of more than 50, in six offices around the state.

Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue on Friday announced appointees for the jobs in states around the country. Agency officials did not say how much Huffman will be paid in his new job.

But Walker, who left the job in January when Donald Trump became president, said she expected that Huffman would be paid between about $135,000 and $143,000 a year.

Walker said she encouraged Huffman to apply for the post and added that she thought Rep. Greg Walden, played a big role in helping him get the job.

The Oregon Hay & Forage Association Conference and Hay King Contest are scheduled for Nov. 17-18 in Lakeview, Ore.

The conference will be held in the Memorial Hall of the Lake County Courthouse on Nov. 17. Presentations will include a forage seminar by Oregon Tilth with information on how to become an organic hay grower, information on growing low carb hay for horses and a discussion and demonstration on the use of drones in agriculture.

The Hay King Contest will be held Nov. 18 in the shop building at SS Equipment in Lakeview.

More information on the hay conference and the contest can be obtained by calling Dan Roberts, the president of the Lake County Hay & Forage Association, at 775-742-0905.

— Craig Reed

KLAMATH FALLS, Ore. (AP) — Another gray wolf has been found dead in Oregon, marking the third such death of a federally protected wolf in the past year, state and federal wildlife officials said.

The wolf was found dead Oct. 29 in Klamath County on state forest land. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is offering a $5,000 reward for information on the killing, authorities said Monday.

The wolf was known to biologists as OR-25 and was believed to have killed a calf at a private ranch near Prospect earlier this year, according to state wildlife officials.

OR-33, a collared male, was found shot dead April 23 about 20 miles northwest of Klamath Falls in Fremont-Winema National Forest. OR-28, a collared female, was found dead Oct. 6, 2016, in Fremont-Winema National Forest near Summer Lake.

All three investigations remain open, and authorities do not believe the latest wolf died of natural causes, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife spokesman Brent Lawrence told the Mail Tribune.

Killing gray wolves in the western two-thirds of Oregon is a violation of the federal Endangered Species Act and of Oregon state game laws. The federal offense is punishable by up to a $100,000 fine, a year in jail or both. The maximum state penalty is a fine of $6,250 and a year in jail.

Wolves in Oregon hunt deer, elk, bighorn sheep and goats. But they also can target livestock and are loathed by many livestock owners.

State wildlife officials say 141 livestock or domestic animals have been killed by wolves in Oregon since they began returning to the state in the late 1990s.

In 2016, wildlife officials estimated a minimum of 112 wolves lived in Oregon in 11 packs that included eight breeding pairs.

Last week, an elk hunter shot and killed a gray wolf in eastern Oregon in self-defense after he said the wolf charged at him while he was hunting alone and he mistook it for a coyote. The hunter, who contacted authorities after realizing he had shot a gray wolf, will not be prosecuted because the shooting was ruled self-defense.

A retired U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist with 30 years experience said it is unlikely a wolf shot by an Oregon elk hunter was attacking the man.

Carter Niemeyer, who lives in Boise and oversaw or consulted on wolf recovery work throughout the West, also said descriptions of the bullet trajectory — in one shoulder and out the other – raise doubt about the hunter’s account that the wolf was running at him when he fired.

“That’s a broadside shot, not a running-at-you shot,” Niemeyer said. “If the bullet path is through one side and out the other, it indicates to me an animal could have been standing, not moving, and the shot was well placed.”

A bullet that hit the wolf as it was running forward most likely would have exited out the hips or rear end, Niemeyer said. He acknowledge the bullet or fragments could have deflected off bone, but said a forensic exam would have to explain that. Michelle Dennehy, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife spokesman, said the agency did not request a necropsy because the cause of death — gunshot — was known.

Niemeyer said the hunter’s account of taking a “snap shot into a ball of fur” is unlikely.

“I have to tell you I doubt the story,” he said.

Niemeyer, 70, said he’s hunted predators for 52 years as a government hunter and a taxidermist, and has dealt with fellow sportsmen and shooters for decades. “I’ve heard every story,” he said. “This story is very suspect to me.”

The elk hunter, Brian Scott, 38, of Clackamas, Ore., told Oregon State Police that the wolf ran straight at him. Scott told police he screamed, took quick aim and fired his 30.06 rifle once. Scott said he saw nothing but fur in the rifle’s scope as the wolf ran at him, according to published reports.

In an interview with outdoor writer Bill Monroe of The Oregonian/Oregon Live, Scott said he was terrified.

“People envision this jerk hunter out to kill anything, but that’s not me,” he told Monroe. “It frustrates me they don’t understand. I’m a meat hunter. I was looking for a spike elk. This wasn’t exciting. It ruined my hunt.”

Scott told Monroe he didn’t think he had time to fire a warning shot. He could not explain the bullet’s path, which entered the wolf’s right shoulder and exited the left, other than perhaps the wolf turned at the last instant or the bullet deflected.

Niemeyer, the retired wildlife biologist, said wolves will “turn around and take off” when they realize they’re near a human. Niemeyer said he had “many, many close encounters with wolves” while doing trapping, collaring and other field work for USFWS in Idaho, Oregon and elsewhere. He said wolves sometimes ran at him and approached within 6 to 8 feet before veering away.

Wolves are potentially dangerous, he said, “but all my experience tells me it would be fearful of a human.”

People in such situations should stand up if they are concealed, show themselves, and yell or throw things, Niemeyer said. Hunters could fire a shot into the ground or into a tree and “scare the hell out of them,” he said.

“That would have been the first logical thing to do,” he said. “The gunshot and a yell from a human would turn every wolf I’ve ever known inside out trying to get away.”

He also suggested people venturing into the woods should carry bear repellent spray, which certainly would also deter wolves, cougars or coyotes.

“If everyone shoots everything they’re afraid of, wow, that’s not a good thing,” he said.

Niemeyer acknowledged his reaction is based on years of experience with wolves.

“People say, ‘That’s easy for you to say, Carter, you worked with wolves for 30 years and you’re familiar with their behavior,’” he said.

The shooting happened Oct. 27 in ODFW’s Starkey Wildlife Management Unit west of La Grande, in Northeast Oregon.

Scott, the hunter, told police he was hunting and had intermittently seen what he thought might be coyotes. At one point, two of them circled off to the side while a third ran at him. Scott said he shot that one and the others ran away.

Scott went back to his hunting camp and told companions what had happened. They returned to the shooting scene and concluded the dead animal was a wolf. The hunter then notified state police and ODFW, which investigated. Police later found a shell casing 27 yards from the wolf carcass. The Union County district attorney’s office reviewed the case and chose not to file charges.

The Portland-based conservation group Oregon Wild raised questions about the incident. Rob Klavins, Oregon Wild’s field representative in Northeast Oregon, said he’s seen wolves in the wild several times and backed away without trouble or harm. Even the late OR-4, the fearsome breeding male of the infamous Imnaha Pack in Wallowa County, retreated and barked when it encountered Klavins and a hiking party.

“This (hunter) may have felt fear, but since wolves returned to Oregon, no one has so much as been licked by a wolf, and that’s still true today,” Klavins said.

“What has changed is we now have wolves on the landscape, 10 years ago we didn’t,” Klavins said. “Especially in the fall (hunting season), armed people are going to be out encountering wolves.”

Oregon Wild believes poachers have killed several Oregon wolves, and USFWS on Nov. 6 offered a $5,000 reward for information about a collared wolf designated OR-25 that was found dead Oct. 29 in South Central Oregon.

Klavins said wolf shooters might now use a “self-defense” claim as a “free pass to poaching.”

Tuesdays

Intensifying foreign competition hasn’t dimmed farmer Frank Tiegs’ enthusiasm for the frozen fruit business.

With his recent purchase of two processing companies — Rader Farms of Lynden, Wash., and Willamette Valley Fruit Co. of Salem, Ore. — Tiegs is betting on the industry’s resilience.

“There’s always going to be a place for U.S. grown fruit,” he said. “I wouldn’t have bought them if I didn’t think it was a good investment.”

For Northwest crops such as blackberries and raspberries, anxiety about the future of the U.S. frozen fruit industry springs from the easy availability of lower-priced imports from Mexico and South America.

Blueberries also compete on a global scale, with new plantings and production rising steadily around the world in recent years.

Tiegs said he’s not fazed by the industry’s changing dynamics, recalling the nervousness surrounding the Chinese apple industry in the 1980s and 1990s. Decades later, U.S. apple growers continue to find ways to compete.

In his time as a farmer, Tiegs has found it’s often wiser to invest during periods of uncertainty.

“My own experience has been to plant what’s not the hot thing,” he said.

In the 1970s, Tiegs began his agricultural career doing tractor and truck work for other farmers, then began buying land for himself in the 1980s.

Eventually, he moved into fresh packing of apples and potatoes, then invested in processing fruits and vegetables. Now, Tiegs owns about 15 facilities across Oregon, Washington and Idaho.

This “seed to fork,” vertically integrated approach allows Tiegs to better withstand agriculture’s economic cycles, he said.

When crop prices are high, growing his own supply of raw product helps mitigate costs at his processing facilities. When prices are low, the processing facilities add value to crops.

Though he primarily considers himself a potato grower, Tiegs regularly rotates this mainstay crop with sweet corn, onions, peppers, carrots, peas and green beans for processing.

Frozen fruit offers interesting opportunities for innovation, such as the retail smoothie mix kits that Rader Farms sells under the licensed “Jamba” brand.

Under Tiegs’ control, the newly acquired facilities in Oregon and Washington will generate more product for food manufacturers than previously, requiring an investment in building inventories.

Increasing the amount of crops processed at the facilities will also reduce their down time.

“I usually try to run plants as close to capacity as I can get them,” said Tiegs, who plans to buy crops from more farmers in the Skagit and Willamette valleys.

“We’re hoping to expand our grower base,” he said.

Inventure Foods, the previous owner of Rader Farms and Willamette Valley Fruit Co., was hindered by serious financial problems dating back to a food recall in 2015.

The recall was prompted by the detection of listeria, a bacterial pathogen, at its Fresh Frozen processing facility in Georgia.

Inventure lost money in every quarterly period since the recall, though the company also blamed the losses on lower frozen food prices and reduced distribution of certain products.

Before the recall, the company was reporting solid financial gains to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

In 2014, Inventure’s revenues topped $285 million, more than double from five years earlier. Its annual profits shot up from less than $4 million to nearly $20 million in that time.

By 2016, the company’s sales slid to $269 million and it lost more than $30 million.

Financial pressures led Inventure to sell its Fresh Frozen division to the Pictsweet Co. for $23.7 million and to sell Rader Farms, Willamette Valley Fruit Co. and other assets to Tiegs for $50 million.

Most recently, Inventure was taken over by Utz Quality Foods for $165 million.

Oregon Coast Podiatry LLC, a team coached by Kevin Dubisar, took first place in a year-ending tournament for teams in fourth through sixth grade for the Boys & Girls Club of Southwestern Oregon fall soccer program.