The U.S.-Mexican preliminary trade agreement won’t erase the 20 percent retaliatory tariff Mexico put on dried cranberries in June, the director of an association of U.S. cranberry handlers said Tuesday.

The tariff responded to U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum, which remain in place. The deal announced Monday reworked the North American Free Trade Agreement, which imposed no tariffs on cranberries.

“The information we received yesterday was that the agreement (with Mexico) did not address the steel and aluminum issue, and our understanding is the tariff would remain the same,” said Terry Humfeld, executive director of the Massachusetts-based Cranberry Institute.

U.S. cranberries are frequently targeted for retaliatory tariffs. China, Canada and the European Union also have imposed new duties since June. The retaliation strikes at a major crop in House Speaker Paul Ryan’s home state of Wisconsin.

The U.S. exports about $300 million worth of cranberries and cranberry products a year. Roughly $30 million of that is in the form of dried cranberries bound for Mexico. The tariffs come as the cranberry industry is trying to reduce a price-depressing surplus.

The U.S. Census Bureau has yet to release export figures for July, the first full month that retaliatory duties were in place. Humfeld said it’s too early to judge the damage to the industry.

“We believe there is an impact, but don’t have any numbers to back that up, and probably won’t for a few months,” he said.

The European Union, the largest overseas market, imposed a 25 percent tariff on cranberry concentrate and held out the possibility that the tariff eventually will apply to dried cranberries. Canada put a 10 percent tariff on juice. China increased a tariff on dried cranberries to 40 percent from 15 percent.

Bumper crops and flat demand have led to a large surplus. The USDA ordered handlers to divert 15 percent of the 2017 crop from the marketplace to reduce the surplus. The order, however, didn’t apply to about 35 percent of the crop because handlers who took in fewer than 125,000 barrels were exempted, according to figures from the Cranberry Marketing Committee. Each barrel equals 100 pounds.

The committee calculated that the USDA mandate, granted at the industry’s request, diverted 792 barrels, or about 9 percent of the harvest.

The USDA had yet to make a final decision on whether to order a portion of the 2018 crop be diverted. The USDA proposed a 25 percent diversion, with small handlers again being exempted.

The USDA this month forecast that cranberry growers will rebound from a subpar 2017 harvest — not particularly good news for the industry. The USDA predicts the crop in the five top cranberry producing states, which include Oregon and Washington, will be up 3 percent to 8.6 million barrels.

Long Beach, Wash., farmer Malcolm McPhail said he’s continued to grow as many cranberries as he can. “I just do everything the way I always have. That’s the best philosophy,” he said. “You have to do the biggest crop you can. I don’t know how it’s going to sort out.”

A northeast Oregon cattle rancher was reissued a permit to shoot one wolf on a forested grazing allotment near Joseph Creek in Wallowa County where four calves have been killed or injured since June.

The latest attack was confirmed by the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife on Aug. 20. A range rider found the dead 300-pound calf earlier that morning, and investigators later determined wolves were to blame.

The pasture is within an area of known wolf activity in the Chesnimnus Unit, where ODFW counted three wolves at the end of 2017. Chesnimnus wolves also injured three calves in three days between June 12 and June 14, all belonging to RL Cattle Company of Enterprise.

ODFW granted the original permit for RL Cattle to shoot one Chesnimnus wolf on June 21, but no wolves were killed before the permit expired July 10. The permit has been reissued for 30 days and will expire Sept. 24.

Wildlife officials have documented wolves in the area over the past two months, but do not know whether the animals are remnants of the Chesnimnus pack or new wolves that moved into the territory. None of the wolves in question are wearing GPS tracking collars.

The incident further underscores the continuing debate between ranchers and conservationists about how best to manage wolves in Oregon. Groups will gather Thursday for a meeting intended to find common ground on lingering issues in the state Wolf Plan, which is now three years past due for a regular five-year update.

Deb Nudelman, a mediator with Kearns & West in Portland, will moderate the discussion, scheduled for 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. at 3561 Klindt Drive in The Dalles. The meeting is open to the public, though seating is limited.

The wolf plan was last revised in 2010. Since then, the minimum known wolf population has risen to 124 animals statewide, and Eastern Oregon wolves were removed from the state endangered species list in 2015.

The Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission was supposed to vote on the plan back in January, but indefinitely postponed its decision to try and reach a broader consensus among stakeholders.

Jerome Rosa, executive director of the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association, said ranchers have three main concerns: fitting more wolves with GPS collars, creating management zones with population targets, and allowing local authorities — such as county sheriffs and veterinarians — to investigate suspected livestock depredations in a more timely manner.

GPS collars will help alert ranchers when wolves are approaching, Rosa said, and make sure they are doing non-lethal activities to haze wolves such as hiring range riders.

“The only way we’ll know that is if there are collars on those wolves, so our guys can go in and do some of the non-lethal measures,” Rosa said. “Without that information, they have no idea until it’s too late.”

According to ODFW, RL Cattle was using non-lethal deterrents when the Chesnimnus wolves attacked, including camping out with the livestock at night, removing injured animals from the pasture and setting up trail cameras to check for wolves in the area.

Management zones could be especially useful in the northeast part of the state, where the vast majority of Oregon wolves reside. Rosa said the wolf density in the region has made it extremely difficult for local ranchers to graze their livestock safely.

As for local control to conduct depredation investigations, Rosa said it often takes ODFW biologists too long to arrive on scene, leaving evidence to deteriorate and lessening the odds it will be confirmed a wolf attack.

“We’ve had that happen many times,” Rosa said. “A lot of it depends on the day of the week. ... By the time a biologist can get out there, it’s really too late to comb through the evidence.”

Rob Klavins, northeast Oregon field coordinator for the environmental group Oregon Wild, agreed it is important for ODFW to make accurate, efficient and transparent rulings on depredations. However, he said if that means allowing decisions to come down to elected politicians and others with a conflict of interest, “we’re going to have a harder time.”

Klavins said the wolf plan must have clear, defensible and enforceable standards for addressing conflicts with livestock.

Klavins said the agency has also weakened parts of the wolf plan in recent years, as it transitioned from Phase I to Phase III, and doubled down on more controversial aspects like killing wolves that have caused conflict and controversy.

“We need a plan based on the best available science informed by 21st century values,” Klavins said. “If we all share the goal of less dead cows, less dead wolves, and less conflict, there’s going to have to be some give and take on both sides. But we’ve been there before and we stand ready to work together to get there again.”

Rosa said he is also looking forward to having a constructive conversation about the plan entering mediation.

“It’s time to move ahead and get this plan finished,” he said.

The Eugene Livestock Auction in Junction City, Ore., narrowly escaped demolition and now has a new owner intent on keeping the business operating.

After 23 years of running the auction, former owner Bruce Anderson wanted to sell the business, but the first three prospective buyers who approached him about the auction yard wanted to convert it to another use, he said.

Anderson said his wife, Kate, who helped run the business, balked at the prospect of shutting it down, so they were both relieved when an employee, Leon Birky, offered to buy the company.

Birky and his wife, Chloe, closed on the sale in mid-August. The price was not disclosed, but county records show the 4-acre property worth more than $1.1 million in real market value.

“They actually did the industry a favor,” said Anderson. “When they heard it was going to be knocked down, they wanted to keep it going.”

Only eight livestock auction yards remain in Oregon after many shut down due to the high cost of compliance with confined animal feeding operation regulations, said Jerome Rosa, executive director of the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association.

Livestock auctions must obtain a CAFO permit despite only having animals at the facility once a week, and they often don’t qualify for grants, making for a “very expensive situation,” Rosa said.

Smaller livestock producers tend to rely on auctions to sell their cattle, which makes having a nearby option important because it’s tough for them to drive for hours to a more distant location, he said.

“It’s much more convenient for them to have a local yard to go to,” Rosa said.

Leon Birky, the new owner, said he saw the auction yard as a good investment because it’s a strong local market for feeder cattle, sheep and goats and wanted to keep it as a sales outlet for local livestock producers.

“I’ve been around cattle and livestock most of my life,” said Birky, who worked as a ringman and part-time auctioneer at the facility before buying it.

Birky said the auction yard will continue to be run with honesty and integrity to keep people coming back, and the facility will continue to house a restaurant with “good down-home cooking.”

The couple plans to host an “open house” and feeder sale at the site on Sept. 8.

Aside from rebuilding some pens, fixing some gates and other improvements, the Birkys say they don’t plan on any major changes to the auction yard.

“We want to keep it the same as people are used to,” Chloe Birky said. “I don’t think livestock people really like a lot of change.”

JEFFERSON CITY, Mo. (AP) — Vegetarian food-maker Tofurky filed a lawsuit in Missouri on Monday seeking to defend its right to describe its products with meat terminology such as “sausage” and “hot dogs,” as long as the packaging makes clear what the ingredients are.

The Hood River, Oregon-based company and The Good Food Institute, an advocacy and lobbying group for meat alternatives, say a Missouri law set to take effect Tuesday that bars companies from “misrepresenting” products as meat if they’re not from “harvested livestock or poultry” is too vague and could be used to go after a range of vegetarian products that use such terminology. Tofurky says if the law is allowed to stand, it would have to change its packaging.

The Missouri Cattlemen’s Association, which supported the statute, said its concern isn’t with products like Tofurky that make clear they’re from plants. Mike Deering, the group’s executive vice president, said the worry is the emerging science of meat grown by culturing animal cells in a lab, and whether they’ll disclose how they were made once they’re on the market.

As companies push newer meat substitutes, the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association has also said protecting “beef nomenclature” is a priority. The U.S. Cattlemen’s Association, a smaller group, petitioned the U.S. Department of Agriculture in February to enforce that “beef” and “meat” only be used for animals “born, raised and harvested in the traditional manner.”

Mary Compton, a spokeswoman for Missouri Attorney General Josh Hawley, said her office will defend the law against Tofurky’s challenge.

Pumpkin seeds and pumpkin pie are synonymous with autumn, but as the season draws closer, researchers at Oregon State University are targeting a complex of diseases that have hampered winter squash in recent years.

Winter squash is a $7 million industry in Oregon, with 4,000 acres grown in the Willamette Valley near Corvallis. The crop is a close pumpkin relative used for making fall favorites like “pumpkin” soup, seeds and pie filling.

But farmers began noticing something was infecting their plants, and in some severe cases causing entire fields to wilt and die. Oregon State received a grant from the USDA Western Sustainable Agriculture and Research Education program to study the problem in 2014.

Hannah Rivedal, lead researcher and graduate student studying botany and plant pathology at OSU, said they have honed in on five distinct soil-borne fungi at the root of the trouble — literally — including one species never before found in cucurbits in Oregon.

“We’ve had a couple of years where there have been more significant reductions in yield, and more instances of this disease problem occurring,” Rivedal said. “This is a really complicated problem with multiple pathogens and multiple different environmental factors.”

Between 2014 and 2016, Rivedal surveyed around 60 fields, randomly sampling both healthy and diseased plants. She took thousands of disease cultures, with five species of soil-borne fungus consistently showing up — Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium culmorum, Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Setophoma terrestris.

Setophoma terrestris was unexpected, Rivedal said, since it has never been seen before in squash in Oregon, though it is more widely known in other crops such as onions and garlic. The fungus can cause a disease known as pink root rot, which is exactly what it sounds like, attacking the roots and turning them an unhealthy shade of pink.

“It’s one piece of the puzzle here,” Rivedal said. “These all work together.”

Rivedal, along with OSU faculty Alexandra Stone and Ken Johnson, have published their findings in the journal Plant Disease. The next step, Rivedal said, is to develop a set of recommendations and best practices to help farmers break the disease cycle.

First off, Rivedal said growers should rotate their fields out of squash for at least four years, if possible. As for which rotation crops will work best, she said that has yet to be determined.

“If they plant onions right before squash, the next year they have really bad pink root rot in their field,” Rivedal said. “We’ve been looking into management strategies.”

Another tip is irrigating less at the beginning of the growing season, since damp, humid soil conditions are more conducive to fungi. Because the pathogens are soil-borne, Rivedal said applying chemicals will not help. Any fungicide would need to fumigated.

“All of these things are acting really interestingly here,” she said. “And we think it has a lot to do with the environmental factors and the rotation practices ahead of the squash that we (grow).”

McMINNVILLE, Ore. — Sitting face-to-face with organic dairy farmers from around the Willamette Valley, Oregon Gov. Kate Brown and U.S. Sen. Jeff Merkley pledged their support for organic agriculture, an industry that Merkley called “an exciting opportunity for our food and our economy.”

Brown and Merkley, both Democrats, visited the Organic Valley creamery in McMinnville on Friday, one year to the month after the plant opened with $350,000 in funding from the state’s Strategic Reserve Fund.

The creamery now has 42 full-time employees and brings in 500,000 pounds of organic milk every day to process into butter and powdered milk. Organic Valley is the nation’s largest organic farming cooperative, with more than 2,000 members in 35 states — including 75 organic dairy farms in Oregon and Washington.

One of those members is Sar-Ben Farms in Saint Paul. Steve Pierson, a fourth-generation family farmer, also serves on the Organic Valley board of directors. He talked about the process of going organic, shifting from a confined feeding operation to a grass-based operation, which helped to improve the health of his cows.

“We felt that herd should have been healthier,” Pierson said, and though it was intimidating to change their production model, “We found that working with Mother Nature, instead of against it, was really better for us.”

Pierson’s daughter, 22-year-old Sara, will become the fifth generation, along with her brothers, to work at Sar-Ben Farms. While Sara Pierson said she originally thought she might be interested in a more traditional 9-to-5 job, she ultimately missed the fast-paced work.

“I really love the way I grew up on the farm,” Pierson said. “I don’t think I could have an office job.”

Organic Valley has been a key partner in helping those dairy farms remain in business, cutting $59 million in milk checks for Oregon members in 2017. The McMinnville creamery is the co-op’s only brick-and-mortar facility outside of Wisconsin.

Brown said she was pleased to see the creamery has created new jobs in the community, and will be talking with Department of Agriculture Director Alexis Taylor on programs to support further growth in organic farming.

Getting into the organic business is no easy task. For dairy farmers, cows can only eat organic feed, cannot be given any additional hormones or antibiotics, and must have at least 120 days to graze on open pasture. For farmers growing their own feed, it takes three years without spraying chemicals before the land can be certified organic.

At the end of the day, Pierson said organic farmers must maintain consumer trust and credibility, which is why they are willing to work with lawmakers on new guidelines and regulations.

“It’s all about integrity, really,” he said. “We need to meet that (customer) expectation.”

Adam Warthesen, who heads government relations for Organic Valley, said the co-op feels “pretty good” about where organics stand in the 2018 Farm Bill, which is scheduled to go to conference committee Sept. 5.

Merkley, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee, pointed to several provisions in the Senate’s version of the Farm Bill intended to invest in organics — such as creating permanent mandatory funding for organic research, providing mandatory funding for cost-share programs to help farmers transition to organic practices, and strengthening enforcement tools under the USDA National Organic Program to protect against fraudulent imports.

Last year, the USDA Office of Inspector General issued an audit claiming that the agency could not provide reasonable assurance that the National Organic Program required documents at U.S. ports to verify that labeled organic products, in fact, came from organic sources.

Chris Schreiner, executive director of Oregon Tilth, a nonprofit organization accredited to certify organic farms, said that report served as a call to action.

“The organic label rests on consumer credibility and trust,” Schreiner said. “It’s really our job as certifiers to make sure that integrity is there.”

The USDA Risk Management Agency has agreed to temporarily change its policy to allow farmers in Wasco and Sherman counties that were affected by wildfire to plant cover crops without affecting their crop insurance.

“We will make changes where we modify the definition of summer fallow in a way that will not invalidate their summer-fallow designation, even though they planted a cover crop in the fallow year,” said Ben Thiel, director of the Spokane Regional Office of the agency, in a phone interview on Aug. 22.

The agency changed its policy after hearing concerns from farmers about leaving ground exposed to the elements in the 2019 fallow year and checking with agricultural experts, Thiel said.

“Pretty much the consensus was, yes, this would be a good farming practice and that you would help reduce yield loss for 2020 by planting a cover crop, as long as it is terminated in the spring and doesn’t continue to grow later in the spring and through the summer where it would deplete moisture,” Thiel said.

Normally, growers are restricted from planting cover crops in a fallow year under the USDA summer-fallow crop insurance program. The provision is in place to ensure farmers are optimizing yield potential in crop years, Thiel said.

“Generally, you get better moisture retention if you leave a field fallow every other year, and that will produce a better crop in low rainfall areas, such as Sherman and Wasco counties,” Thiel said.

Brian Tuck, field crops extension agent for Wasco and Sherman counties, said RMA’s decision could be critical in helping protect soil left bare by wildfire from wind and rain erosion. Typically, wheat stubble protects ground in fallow years, he said.

“The stubble is a big deal,” Tuck said. “Having that surface stubble on there provides biomass to the soil for nutrient cycling and is a huge factor in keeping the soil cooler and protecting it from both wind and rain erosion.”

“Now we just have to hope we get some fall rains here” to help establish the cover crops, he said.

He advised growers to check with the Natural Resources Conservation Service and their local Soil and Water Conservation District for cost-sharing opportunities potentially available to help offset the cost of purchasing and planting cover crop seeds.

Three wildfires, the Substation, South Valley and Long Hollow fires, burned approximately 135,000 acres in the two counties in a two-week span beginning in mid-July, just when wheat harvest was kicking off.

The fires cost growers millions of dollars in lost crop, particularly given that growers were looking at above-average yields. “This was looking to be a pretty good year,” Tuck said. “We had some really good rains in some places, so the yields were looking very good.”

Growers with crop insurance are eligible to recoup losses based on average yields.

Also, while prices “haven’t been the greatest,” Tuck said, they are up from the previous three years, with wheat at $5.92 a bushel in Portland on Aug. 23.

Many growers also lost equipment, fencing, structures, pasture and rangeland to the fire, Tuck said, and the fire cost the life of Wasco County farmer John Ruby, 64, who died digging a firebreak to protect a neighbor’s property.

PORTLAND — A retired Oregon State University professor has cast doubt on claims of excessive water usage at a controversial Oregon dairy that farm regulators seek to shut down.

Lost Valley Farm of Boardman, Ore., entered into a settlement with the Oregon Department of Agriculture in March to limit its water usage to 65,000 gallons per day.

Since starting operations in 2017, the second-largest dairy in Oregon has been cited repeatedly for wastewater problems by ODA, which led to the lawsuit.

The agency now alleges that Greg te Velde, the dairy’s owner, has committed contempt of court by exceeding the agreed-upon amount by up to 375,000 gallons per day, thereby contributing to wastewater management problems at the site.

To sanction the dairy, ODA is requesting that a judge order the facility to stop generating wastewater, which would effectively shut it down.

During an Aug. 24 court hearing in Portland, Ore., defense witness Mike Gamroth — a retired OSU professor with extensive experience in the dairy industry — said he doubted ODA’s estimates of water usage.

Gamroth testified that he doesn’t see how hundreds of thousands of additional gallons could be used without a glaringly obvious “Olympic-size swimming pool” of excess water at the facility.

“I can’t find where that water goes, I really can’t,” Gamroth said.

One factor that could figure into ODA’s estimate is an inaccurate water meter that varies in its flow rate and total usage data, he said.

“It’s simply not realistic, and it’s got to relate to that meter,” he said.

State officials also based their estimate on the changing levels of water in manure lagoons, which are difficult to measure, Gamroth said.

A variation of just one inch in lagoon levels equates to 160,000 gallons of water, he said. “I don’t have confidence in those measurements, basically.”

Gamroth said he has probably visited every dairy in Oregon and does not believe Lost Valley Farm’s water usage is abnormally large.

“I don’t see any difference for a dairy of that size,” he said.

Similar conditions exist at other dairies, for which they haven’t been cited, Gamroth said.

“I think it’s a fairly clean dairy. Compliance issues are quite minor in most cases,” he said.

Overflow problems have been “minor,” wastewater storage is no longer a problem and the facility poses no greater environmental risk than other dairies, Gamroth said.

During cross-examination by the state’s attorney, Lisa DeFever, Gamroth acknowledged that he submitted a declaration in Lost Valley’s bankruptcy proceedings in May stating that the facility used nearly an acre foot of water per day, or roughly 320,000 gallons.

DeFever said the dairy hasn’t properly tested the nitrogen content of wastewater applied to fields, potentially causing groundwater contamination.

She also said the facility’s manure storage problems will likely resume once summer is over, which will “come back and bite us” when the rainy season begins.

“We will end up with them in the winter full and overflowing,” DeFever said.

The search for a new Port of Morrow manager spanned several months and drew applicants from around the U.S., but the role will go to a homegrown candidate.

Ryan Neal, the current Port of Morrow Warehousing manager and son of longtime port manager Gary Neal, was selected on Aug. 7 from a pool of about 33 total applicants, after the port commission and several panels conducted interviews with Neal and three other finalists.

While the panels made suggestions, the five port commissioners unanimously made the final call to extend the job offer to Neal.

As Neal prepares to assume the job this fall, he said he plans to build on the rapid growth the port has seen, with both existing and new industries.

“We’re definitely an ag resource-based economy, but we’ll continue to diversify,” Neal said. “Obviously technology will continue to be a major part of it. But we’ll see — we seem to get leads all the time.”

Neal will step in at a time when the port has seen a boom in business, both from tenants and its own operations, in the last few years. He said his background in business, as well as his recent experience in Boardman, has given him skills he feels will serve the port.

“I think I have a lot of structure in my management style,” he said. “Working for companies that have corporate cultures, I understand the good and the bad that comes with that.”

He added that he’s developed an understanding of the interpersonal relationships with port clients and employees during his time with POM Warehousing.

“I think bridging those gaps in relationships is important to focus on, both at the state agency and at the business level,” he said.

A graduate of Riverside High School and Oregon State University, Neal started his career with Knight Transportation in Portland, where he worked for 10 years. After various roles in operations and business development, he moved to their corporate office in Phoenix.

He moved to Yakima in 2012 to become the director of operations at Haney Truck Line — a business he said had about 500 trucks and employees.

Looking to return to his hometown, Neal said he jumped at the opportunity to work at Port of Morrow Warehousing when the facility opened in 2015. The facility stores frozen vegetables before food processing companies ship the product to stores.

After working as the operations manager under director Jim Barnes, Neal took over the general manager position when Barnes retired in late 2016.

In that position, Neal said, he oversees about half of the Port of Morrow staff — about 61 people. He reports directly to his father.

“Our operating budget is approximately one-third of the port’s budget,” he said.

Board president Jerry Healy said the commissioners hired George Dunkel from the Special Districts Association of Oregon to recruit candidates. After the initial recruitment period, they asked Dunkel to expand the search to a wider geographic region, and ended up with 33 applicants.

Neal was selected after a search that started in late spring of this year, and ended with a day of interviews with three panels of community members and people from regional businesses and industries. Neal and the three other finalists went through the panel interviews. One was eliminated, another chose not to move forward, and Neal and finalist Stephanie Seamans were interviewed by the port commission.

Seamans is a Certified Public Accountant and the community and economic development manager for Benton-Franklin Council of Governments in the Tri-Cities. She worked for many years as a CPA and business development manager for the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Seamans declined to comment for this story.

Port commission vice president Rick Stokoe said Seamans had many of the qualifications they wanted, but she did not have experience with ports.

Healy said Neal’s background, both with the port and at other businesses, made him a compelling candidate.

“He’s had a very successful marketing career,” Healy said. “He’s grown the businesses he’s worked with.”

Stokoe said the commission didn’t talk to the panels directly, but all the information was relayed to them through Dunkel.

“The panel didn’t make a recommendation to us — they told us their thoughts,” he said.

He said the commission asked the candidates an identical set of about 20 questions, including questions about their leadership style, and their willingness to move to Morrow County.

Though Neal will succeed his father in the position, both commissioners said the relationship ultimately had nothing to do with their decision.

“I was very concerned, as was SDAO, and Gary,” Healy said. “He’s been pretty walled-off from the process. He was not involved in any special meetings or phone calls regarding the hiring.”

Stokoe agreed.

“His relationship to Gary didn’t have anything to do with my decision,” he said. “We didn’t exclude anybody. We wanted input, we invited panelists from all over. If our sole intention was to hire Ryan, we didn’t have to open it up.”

Ryan Neal said he understands the scrutiny that comes with a public position, but didn’t feel the relationship had to do with his hiring, and said his father had no input or involvement in the process.

“I feel like my background in business development shows that I have the skills that align with what the executive director at the port needs,” he said. “I followed the process just like everybody else.”

Don Russell, a Morrow County commissioner and former Port of Morrow commissioner, has known Ryan Neal for many years, through his early career and time at the port.

“It seems like a bunch of guys from Morrow County ended up at Knight in Portland,” he said, noting that Neal was promoted quickly and rose through the ranks of the company.

He said the port works with the county regularly, including on the Enterprise Zone committee. That committee has two voting members each from the Port of Morrow, Morrow County and the city of Boardman. He said Neal will likely fill his father’s spot on that board.

Russell said he thinks Neal’s qualifications will speak for themselves.

“I believe in the next two years, Ryan Neal will make us all forget who his father is,” he said.

–——

Contact Jayati Ramakrishnan at 541-564-4534 or jramakrishnan@eastoregonian.com

Ron Pearmine describes himself as a “broccoli ambassador” for the Willamette Valley.

This year, Pearmine is growing 175 acres of broccoli at his family’s farm in Gervais, Ore. But the crop, while desirable, has declined significantly in the area due to labor shortages and rising production costs.

Broccoli is harvested today almost exclusively by hand, with crews of about 20 people going over fields two or three times to maximize yields. Without enough workers, local farmers are growing just half as much broccoli as they were six years ago, according to NORPAC Foods, a farmers’ cooperative and food processor based in Salem.

Ever the engineer — he has a bachelor’s degree in computer science engineering — Pearmine began tinkering with machinery to come up with a solution. He created a mechanical harvester out of a 1976 Chisholm-Ryder bean picker that he believes could promote increased acreage, while replacing hand crews entirely.

“I’m excited about it,” Pearmine said. “It does create a new opportunity for broccoli here in the valley.”

Pearmine’s goal is to machine-harvest 80 acres of broccoli at his farm this season. Other growers have also shown interest, allowing Pearmine to harvest several smaller plots in their own fields.

On Aug. 2, Pearmine mounted the harvester and began a trial run at Obersinner Farms on Howell Prairie between Salem and Silverton. It took 20 minutes to make one pass down a quarter-acre row, filling four large wooden crates with broccoli bound for NORPAC.

“It works. It’s effective,” Pearmine said. “We could pick our broccoli mechanically if we choose to. It’s a viable option.”

Pearmine is not the first to conceive of a mechanical broccoli harvester — though nothing has been developed so far commercially.

Pearmine was inspired to come up with his own design after a trip to Case Equipment Manufacturing in North Dakota, where he saw robots welding parts for machinery. If robots can weld, then he figured they can also pick broccoli.

The first attempt came in 2013, or what Pearmine calls “the big fail.” Nothing about that system worked right, he said, and the setback lingered for several years before he went back to the drawing board.

“I have an engineering brain, I guess you could say,” Pearmine said with a chuckle.

By sheer innovation — or insanity, as Pearmine jokes — he assembled a working prototype last year by rigging the old bean picker with three rows of spinning blades in front, similar to a corn harvester. Once cut, the broccoli is carried up a conveyor belt over a series of metal rollers that pinch off the leaves, and dropped into bins on a flat trailer.

Pearmine gave a presentation on the harvester at a NORPAC grower meeting in December 2017, where he caught the attention of fellow growers like Tom Fessler, of Fessler Farms in Woodburn, who agreed to participate in field trials.

“There’s been talk we need to move in that direction,” Fessler said. “Ron took the bull by the horns, and developed a machine.”

From a technical standpoint, Fessler said the harvester works well. The problem: It cuts everything all at once, though broccoli often does not mature at the same rate.

That means potentially sacrificing yield with machine harvesting, for the sake of efficiency.

“You’re going to have some (plants) that are slightly over-mature, some that are just right and quite a few that are on the small side, based on our experience right now,” Fessler said.

Pearmine acknowledges that, unless broccoli fields are uniform in maturity, the harvester has its drawbacks.

“That’s part of the reason why I want to get it out, so guys can have that experience,” Pearmine said. “How much do you want to give up on yield? If you don’t want to give up anything, you’ll continue picking by hand.”

Pearmine is nonetheless bullish that mechanical harvesting will eventually prove to be a boon for the industry, reversing the trend of lost acreage brought on by mounting labor shortages.

Randy Lyons, vice president of agriculture services for NORPAC, said fewer workers combined with Oregon’s rising minimum wage have driven the decline in broccoli production from 2,000 acres in 2012 to just 1,000 acres this year.

To make up the difference, Lyons said the co-op is buying twice as much broccoli from Mexico to process into its line of soups and frozen vegetables. NORPAC is excited about the potential of Pearmine’s harvester, Lyons added, though crop quality will be the ultimate test.

“We’re working with him real closely to make sure what he’s bringing into the plant, we can make the best use of,” Lyons said. “It has to be as good as what’s in the marketplace, or better.”

In addition to NORPAC, Pearmine said he has received support from Wilco and Marion Ag Services. After harvest, he intends to compare machine-harvested yields to those of hand crews, and continue working with partners to fine-tune the system.

“People are interested. They’re supportive, and they’re excited,” Pearmine said. “It creates a new future, I think, for NORPAC and broccoli.”

Ron Pearmine

Age: 68

Occupation: Farmer, Pearmine Farms

Hometown: Gervais, Ore.

Family: Wife, Pat, and kids Ernie, Molly, Alli and Grey

Education: Bachelor’s degree in computer science engineering, Oregon State University, 1972

SALEM, Ore. (AP) — Oregon has issued $43,200 in fines to a Seattle-based seafood company after environmental regulators found wastewater violations at its surimi factory in Newport.

The Statesman Journals reports the recent fine is the third time since 2015 the state Department of Environmental Quality has fined Trident Seafoods for polluting Yaquina Bay.

The factory, which processes fish into imitation crab meat, is allowed to discharge a certain amount of treated fish-processing wastewater into the bay.

According to the department’s penalty order, the company exceeded the limits of various pollutant amounts dozens of times between July and October 2017.

Plant manager Bill Olivera did not respond to the newspaper’s request for comment.

Department spokeswoman Katherine Benenati says the agency doesn’t anticipate finding additional violations because the facility is under new ownership.

MEDFORD, Ore. (AP) — Authorities say a new wildfire in southwestern Oregon has prompted mandatory evacuations and an emergency conflagration declaration.

The Mail Tribune reports a fire erupted Wednesday afternoon north of Medford near Gold Hill.

The Ramsey Canyon fire is burning around Hull Mountain south of the Garner fire, which has been 85 percent contained after burning through about 14 square miles.

Governor Kate Brown on Wednesday night approved an emergency conflagration declaration for the fire. At the time of the declaration, the governor’s office said up to 200 homes were threatened, with some of those residents under mandatory evacuation orders.

The Governor’s declaration authorizes the Oregon Office of State Fire Marshal to mobilize additional help for local crews battling the fire.

Oregon hazelnut growers can expect a record-high crop in 2018, according to the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service.

The latest production forecast issued Aug. 21 calls for 52,000 tons of hazelnuts, surpassing last year’s total of 32,000 tons and the previous record of 49,500 tons set in 2001.

Meredith Nagely, manager of the Hazelnut Industry Office in Aurora, Ore., said the report comes as little surprise. Hazelnuts tend to be alternate bearing, meaning low yields one year are usually followed by higher yields the next.

Overall hazelnut acreage is also on the rise, with 72,353 acres of orchards across the state — including 40,000 acres of mature, nut-bearing trees. Total acreage has more than doubled in the last 10 years, Nagely said, and rose from 66,980 acres in 2017.

“I think interest has (been) piqued,” Nagely said. “We have a high-quality product, and there’s just a huge potential.”

Tom Klevay, CEO of Willamette Hazelnut Growers in Newberg, said he anticipates greater harvests for the foreseeable future as growers continue gravitating toward hazelnuts, and new plantings reach maturity in the coming years.

“Hazelnuts, you don’t have to plant them every year,” Klevay said. “In the eyes of the grower, it’s a crop that represents a good opportunity, so that’s where they’re placing their bets.”

Oregon is responsible for growing nearly all U.S. hazelnuts, but accounts for less than 4 percent of the world’s supply. Nagely said industry leaders are working hard to develop new markets, both domestically and overseas, though higher tariffs in China and lower prices offered by Turkey have combined to heighten trade anxiety.

In Turkey, the world’s predominant hazelnut producer, the lira has dropped about 60 percent compared to the dollar so far this year, which could potentially depress global hazelnut prices. Meanwhile, China slapped a 15 percent tariff hike on U.S. hazelnuts in April following the Trump administration’s increased tariffs on foreign steel and aluminum.

While the prospect of selling more hazelnuts may not seem appealing at first glance, Klevay said a larger — and more predictable — supply of Oregon-grown hazelnuts may actually increase demand, opening new avenues to sell the crop.

“We feel that as the supply gets larger, the demand will follow, similar to what’s happened with pistachios and almonds,” Klevay said. “Our crop is known to be very high quality, and those markets that are looking for quality are opportunities for us going forward.”

Nagely said the recent developments in China and Turkey have brought the Oregon hazelnut industry to the forefront, and that is not necessarily a bad thing.

“Our hazelnuts have been in a lot of discussions recently,” she said. “It’s an opportunity for us to make some things happen.”

While hazelnut yields may experience record highs, the same USDA forecast noted a record low average nut size. Nagely said the hot, dry weather may at least be partially to blame.

The Willamette Valley, where most hazelnuts are grown, has received just 85 percent of its normal precipitation for the current water year, and the entire region is now listed in severe to extreme drought.

The weather may also push the beginning of harvest season up to mid-September, Nagely said. It is expected to run through October, possibly into early November.

SEATTLE (AP) — Washington state plans to sue the Trump administration over its proposal to dismantle pollution rules that would have increased federal regulation of emissions from coal-fired power plants, Gov. Jay Inslee said Wednesday.

The Environmental Protection Agency plan threatens lives, props up an old technology and is illegal, the Democrat told reporters. “It’s an affront to people who want to breathe clean air.”

The state will file a lawsuit — likely joining with other states — but it must first wait for the EPA rule to be formally proposed and finalized, which could take months, said Bill Sherman, the attorney general’s counsel for environmental protection.

The EPA announced Tuesday that it plans to replace President Barack Obama’s 2015 Clean Power Plan, his signature climate policy. It says its Affordable Clean Energy rule “empowers states, promotes energy independence and facilitates economic growth and job creation.”

It also acknowledged that the increased emissions from aging coal-fired plants could kill hundreds more people annually and cost the country billions of dollars.

Sherman said it’s too early to discuss details about the state’s legal challenge but they’ll likely argue, among other things, that the EPA is acting beyond its authority under the Clean Air Act and contrary to science and facts.

The EPA proposal broadly increases the authority given to states to regulate existing coal power plants.

While Washington can act through legislation to control its own pollution, Inslee said, state residents are breathing smoke from other places and “we have an interest in reducing coal smoke from all over the U.S.”

Inslee, who has made climate a key priority, has pushed to phase the state off electricity from coal.

The state’s only coal-fired power plant in Centralia is already scheduled to stop burning coal entirely by 2025. Two older units at the Colstrip coal plant in Montana supplies coal-fired electricity to Washington state and are scheduled to close by mid-2022. No date has been set to close two newer units at that plant.

Several proposals to bring coal through Washington for export also have been defeated.

Washington is facing a legal battle over its decision to reject permits for a massive proposed coal-export terminal on the Columbia River in Longview. On Tuesday, a federal judge allowed California, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Oregon and Massachusetts to file a joint amicus brief supporting the state in the case.

The state Department of Ecology denied the project a water-quality permit last fall, saying there were too many major harmful impacts.

Utah-based Lighthouse Resources, which operates coal mines in Montana and Wyoming, sued Washington in federal court in January, alleging officials violated federal laws in denying approvals for its $680 million Millennium Bulk Terminals-Longview project.

The company accuses the governor and state regulators of being anti-coal and discriminating against it by blocking the movement of coal mined in other states from being exported.

Wyoming, Montana, Kansas, Utah, South Dakota and Nebraska and several national industry groups have filed legal briefs backing project developers, saying the case has broad implications for the export of commodities that are important to many states.

EAGLE POINT, Ore. (AP) — Livestock producers are feeling the effects of drought at an intensifying rate.

On the heels of two sparse rain years, pastures are drying up and herds might follow suit if the trend continues into next year.

Fourth-generation Eagle Point rancher Ron Anderson figures plenty of his fellow ranchers are in a world of hurt.

“We had no snowpack to speak of in comparison to what we used to,” Anderson said. “So when the snow’s gone, you know the runoff slows down. If you’re in the right place, you still get some runoff. There are places in Oregon where once that snow is gone, they don’t get nothing. If we don’t get a wet winter, or a lot of snow this year, then we’re really in for it. That could be a disaster.”

Anderson said it is reminiscent of the climate shift in the late 1970s.

“If you’re not in the right place, you can’t irrigate,” Anderson said. “You might only get one or two irrigations, well that don’t grow any feed, so that makes it difficult. You take a dry year on dry-land farming, you might get nothing.”

While herd sizes have remained stable over the past decade, they’re much smaller than they were 40 years ago, Anderson said. At the same time, there are fewer acres devoted to hay and feed production.

With pastures drying up this summer, farmers and ranchers resort to buying hay, more than likely from outside of the Rogue Valley.

“People will have to buy some hay to survive this drought,” Anderson said. “The price is pretty high right now compared to last year ... good alfalfa will be $200 and something a ton.”

The Klamath Basin has long been an option, but that’s not a given this year.

“There was quite a little rain damage there on the first cutting,” he said.

Anderson is among the cattlemen whose herds graze locally, then are moved across the state line in the winter.

“There’s worse drought in California than there is here,” Anderson said.

Last week, Jackson County livestock producers gained eligibility to apply for 2018 Livestock Forage Disaster Program benefits for small grain, native pasture and improved pasture.

The program provides compensation for producers who suffer grazing losses for covered livestock due to drought on privately owned or leased land, or fire on federally managed land.

“We’re so far behind on water that we won’t catch up,” said Phillip Morton, local executive director for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Farm Service Agency, which administers the disaster relief program. “But if we don’t have a good fall, winter and spring going into next year and the rain stops in February like it did this year, it’s going to be much worse.”

The lack of ready forage and high cost of hay could hit hard, Morton said.

“Local herds disappear,” he said. “Producers can’t afford to feed them, and it becomes cost-prohibitive to feed your herds, so folks start selling off cattle. We’ll see less livestock in the county, and producers will get a setback in their herd development. Of course, if a lot of cattle start showing up on market, the natural thing is for prices to come down.”

Until the most recent farm bill was passed, the Farm Service Agency awaited a presidential declaration. Now, the agency follows the U.S. Drought Monitor. Adjacent counties were previously included, so if Klamath County had a dry year, Jackson County was eligible.

While the drought assistance is welcome to livestock owners, it’s not a sure thing.

“They’re usually pretty good at helping you fill out the paperwork. Then you’ve got to wait and see if there are funds available, passed by Congress, where it goes and how much,” Anderson said.

Often it turns into a waiting game.

“The biggest complaint I hear is these guys meticulously fill out the forms and they never hear anything,” said Applegate Valley farmer Warren Merz.

“When you figure all the farmers trying to raise dryland hay crops, or dryland grain,” Anderson said, “you’ve got the irrigated crops, so they’re not quite so bad, as long as you don’t run out of irrigation water in these districts.”

While this isn’t the worst summer in his recollection, John Dimick of Eagle Point said the string of dry summers is taking a toll, and wildfire smoke is creating additional woes.

“The smoke is heavy enough that the second-cutting hay crop is not growing,” Dimick said. “Those guys that have actually cut some hay have had a real hard time getting it dry, because of the lack of direct sunlight. Pastures are not growing like they should be, so if you are a dryland pasture guy, you’re in big trouble. There are some people that are really hurting for feed because it’s so dry. There’s just not a lot of green grass growing out there.”

HERMISTON, Ore. — Henry the lamb might just be the most valuable lamb in history.

After Maddy Thomas, an 11-year-old 4-H student from Echo, showed him at the Umatilla County Fair his sale brought in $23,200 — totaling about $162 per pound at an auction where lambs were averaging $7 per pound.

The auction marked the one-year anniversary of Maddy’s diagnosis of a brain tumor, and the money will go to help her family cover continuing expenses related to her treatment. Her mother, Jenny Thomas, said she doesn’t have words to describe how grateful she is for the “unbelievable” show of support.

“Anyone who has had a sick child knows the kind of bills that come, and I’ve had to miss a lot of work,” she said.

The lamb didn’t start out as a fundraiser idea. Maddy just wanted to participate in a “normal” activity after finally finding a cancer treatment that was working and she was regaining some of her strength. She got Henry in May and began walking, feeding and grooming him.

“I liked him because he liked to head butt me and he was always playful,” Maddy said. “I liked walking him around the house.”

Jenny said the exercise was so good for Maddy — using muscles she hadn’t used in months and giving her an incentive to stay outdoors — that doctors told her she could drop her occupational and physical therapy. She lost some of the weight that steroids in her treatment had caused her to gain, and color returned to her cheeks.

“He gave her a purpose,” Jenny said.

When fair time came, Maddy brought her lamb to the barns with the other youth and enjoyed a week at the fair. Like all 4-H students, when the youth livestock auction rolled around on Saturday she found it bittersweet.

“It was hard saying goodbye,” she said.

Jenny said she had heard “rumblings” that community members at the auction were conspiring to make sure Maddy’s lamb went for a little extra, but she thought that meant $10 per pound. Instead, the price just kept rising as more people realized something special was happening and jumped in with bids of their own, then cheered on other bidders.

Both Jennie and livestock auction superintendent Marie Linnell described the atmosphere during the bidding as “electric.” Linnell said that even auctioneer Ford Bonney started choking up as he continued to take bids.

“It was like electricity was running through the air,” Linnell said. “The feeling there was incredible.”

The bidding ended at $50 per pound, but the fair also allows “add-ons” from people who didn’t win an animal but still want to contribute to the youth who raised it. The add-ons came pouring in, bumping it up to $78 per pound that day. First it was adults and businesses, then other Umatilla County 4-H and FFA members started contributing a portion of their proceeds. Linnell said last week support was still trickling in, but the 143-pound market lamb has brought in $23,200 from more than 60 adults, businesses and 50 youth.

“We always say these 4-H and FFA kids are the cream of the crop,” Linnell said.

Henry the lamb went on to resale, and Maddy said she is already looking forward to raising another lamb next year.

“It was fun,” she said.

Meanwhile Jenny said the money raised from the sale — Linnell said the fair won’t be taking a commission off the top — will help the family with medical and travel expenses, and some will be put into a college fund for Maddy.

Maddy also said she wanted to thank everyone for their support.

Linnell said she has never seen anything like what happened last week, but the community has always been extremely generous at the youth livestock auction in her 12 years as superintendent. With Maddy’s lamb, it was the highest grossing auction to date. Without factoring in Maddy’s lamb, it was the second highest at $480,750 on 251 lots.

Anyone who wants to add on a donation to Maddy’s lamb before the deadline next Friday can email Linnell at mlinnell5@gmail.com or stop by the fair offices at the Eastern Oregon Trade and Event Center.

A federal judge has dismissed a racketeering lawsuit filed by Oregon landowners against neighbors who allegedly produce marijuana but the plaintiffs can refile their complaint.

Last year, several people filed a lawsuit accusing neighboring property owners near Lebanon, Ore., of growing marijuana in violation of the Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organization Act.

U.S. District Judge Michael McShane has now ruled that the injuries alleged by the plaintiffs, including unpleasant noises, foul odors and reduced property values, aren’t the kind that can be compensated under RICO.

The 10 plaintiffs — Robert Ainsworth and Tami Ainsworth, Karl and Lucinda Frink, Gordon and Elaine Griswold, John and Linda Lindsey and William and Suzanne Whitaker — claimed they’d been adversely affected by a “persistent stench,” traffic, greenhouse fans and guard dogs.

According to the complaint, because marijuana remains illegal under federal law regardless of its legalization in Oregon, RICO has been violated by the defendants: Mark Owenby, Michelle Page, Jenny Silveira, Howard Brown, William Templeton, Elisha Templeton and Bryan Philp.

Whether or not the marijuana is still grown at the site is a point of dispute — the defendants say it’s hasn’t operated since October 2017 while plaintiffs claim it’s still functional.

Though the judge found that the plaintiffs have constitutional standing to file the lawsuit, he has decided that diminished “use and enjoyment” doesn’t qualify as an “injury to property” under RICO, even considering their “out-of-pocket expenses for firearms, fencing, gates, and security cameras.”

Such costs arise from an alleged personal injury that’s not covered by RICO “because those losses are derivative of their emotional distress and not a property interest recognized under Oregon law,” McShane said.

The reduction in the plaintiffs’ property values is speculative, since they haven’t shown any attempt to “rent, sell or otherwise monetize their property interests,” rendering the alleged harm “abstract” and uncompensable under RICO, he said.

However, the judge will allow the landowners to amend their complaint to make such a claim “in good faith” and he agreed that the marijuana operation was a plausible cause of any alleged reduction in property value.

“If plaintiffs cannot sue to vindicate the federal drug laws and recover for any compensable injuries, it is difficult to imagine a person who could,” McShane said.

Capital Press was unable to reach the plaintiffs’ attorney, Rachel McCart, for comment.

Alex Tinker, attorney for the defendants, called the ruling “a very well reasoned opinion” that recognized the facts don’t allow for a RICO case to move forward in the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.

A similar case was allowed to proceed in the 10th Circuit, which has different case law regarding RICO.

Tinker said he expects it will be difficult for the plaintiffs to “plead around” the problems identified by McShane, which may bode poorly for several other marijuana-related lawsuit filed by the same attorney.

“At the very least, it should give the plaintiffs a bit of pause in those cases,” he said.

The courtyard at Monrovia’s 1,200-acre plant nursery in Dayton, Ore. was buzzing with bees Tuesday as visitors toured elaborate displays set up for the company’s 2018 Handcrafted Expo, which runs through Sept. 7.

Kate Karam, editorial director for Monrovia Nursery — one of the largest growers in the country — highlighted new selections for 2019, including hydrangeas, roses and rhododendrons, which she said have jumped in popularity over the last several years.

“It’s been a really steady category for a very long time,” Karam said. “A couple of big designers in the U.K. started doing big designs with them. All of a sudden, everyone wants rhododendrons.”

The fourth annual Monrovia expo kicked off July 30, overlapping with the 2018 Farwest Show, the industry’s largest trade show on the West Coast. An estimated 6,000 people are expected to attend Farwest, Aug. 22-24 at the Oregon Convention Center in downtown Portland.

Both events come at a time of promising growth within the industry. According to figures released by the Oregon Department of Agriculture, wholesale and retail nurseries posted their second-best sales year on record in 2017, at $947.7 million.

Greenhouse and nursery plants were the most valuable agricultural commodity in Oregon in 2017, followed by cattle and calves at $695.2 million, hay at $585.1 million, milk at $500.7 million and grass seed at $455.2 million.

Jeff Stone, executive director of the Oregon Association of Nurseries, hailed the latest figures in a statement, adding that more than three-fourths of what is grown in Oregon is shipped over state lines to destinations as far as the East Coast.

“The wholesale nursery industry is a traded sector that serves markets in every time zone of the United States, as well as Canada and overseas, and brings significant dollars back to the Oregon economy,” Stone said.

Oregon is the nation’s third-leading greenhouse and nursery state, behind only California and Florida.

Jonathan Pedersen, vice president of business development and intellectual property for Monrovia, attributes strong sales nationwide to the rebounding U.S. economy. Indeed, the Oregon industry’s best sales year came in 2007, topping $1 billion worth or products just before the Great Recession hit, causing sales to decline.

“The landscape and nursery industry is very tied to housing starts,” Pedersen said in an interview at the 2018 expo. “When housing rebounded after the recession, so did we.”

Along with new houses, Pedersen said landscaping is the number one return on investment for current homeowners to increase their curb appeal, adding $1.15 to $1.20 in value for every dollar spent.

Monrovia has four nurseries across the country, including Dayton, with the others in Visalia, Calif.; Cairo, Ga.; and Granby, Conn. Corporate offices are located in Azusa, Calif. The company grows roughly 4,000 different varieties of plants.

Josh Cady, a sales manager for Monrovia, led a tour of the Dayton nursery, which handles most of the plant propagation and is the only nursery of the four to have a tissue culture lab.

Tissue culture now accounts for 26 percent of propagation inside the greenhouses, Cady said.

“It’s a great way for us to keep selections true to type,” he said.

It generally takes at least three or four years before plants are ready to ship to stores, and as many as six years for certain varieties. From seedling to shipping, Cady said the goal is consistency.

Looking ahead, Pedersen said the company is focused on breeding plants that require less intensive care and maintenance. Western Oregon is a great place to grow nursery plants, he said, based on climate and availability of water.

Pedersen is hesitant to predict the future, but said that as the economy continues to do well, the industry will also continue to thrive.

“We’re a discretionary income product,” he said. “Right now, it looks good.”

In its century of existence, the Cooperative Extension System has been a valuable resource distributing university-driven, science-based information — mostly about farming and gardening — to the public. But in today’s less agricultural America, the Extension network is adapting, expanding its rural focus into cities and suburbs too.

Urban and suburban communities have their own health needs, says Wiley Thompson, a regional director for Oregon State University Extension. “Some live in ‘food deserts.’ They want to further their education but may not want to move, and many want to intensively garden and manage their compact green spaces,” he says.

“I sense the need for Cooperative Extension is stronger than ever,” says Thompson, who previously chaired the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.

Cooperative Extension, formalized by the federal Smith-Lever Act of 1914, was designed to translate know-how from technical Land Grant campuses into practical knowledge, and share it with local communities. Most of that outreach was about agricultural production and livestock, gardening, food preservation and safety, nutrition, sewing, early childhood development and 4-H Club activities, says Amy Ouellette, associate director of University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension.

A century ago, 41 percent of America’s workforce was engaged in farming. The comparable figure in 2000 was only 1.9 percent, prompting questions about Extension’s continuing relevance.

Over the past few decades, Extension’s funding has gone flat or been slashed, its offices closed or consolidated, and its staffing reduced.

“In the early days, about one-third of our funds came from the federal government, one-third from the state and one-third from counties,” Ouellette says. “Federal funding has been stagnant. Now it’s about 12 percent of our budget.”

In New Hampshire, state financial support is funneled through the university system (about 40 percent), while counties contribute about 15 percent, she said. Grants, contracts, fees for service and gifts cover the balance, Ouellette says. Other states use similar funding models.

Despite the cutbacks, most Extension programming is still provided without charge, says Scott Reed, Oregon State’s Extension Service director.

Cooperative Extension remains the one-stop shop for soil test kits, planting information, farm financial health and youth leadership workshops. You can join Extension Agents for field trips to pick out promising calves or lambs for 4-H competition at County Fairs.

“We teach in support of positive youth development, preventive health behaviors, improved water quality, sustainable natural resources, and available high quality and safe food, among other items of public value,” Reed says.

Extension is the only deliverer of science-based, unbiased education in rural settings, and can’t abandon its rural commitment, he says. But if it’s to thrive, it also must go where the people are, he believes, reaching more people through community colleges and virtual learning environments, and through partnerships with educational non-profits and other groups.

Extension’s outreach technology already has pivoted toward community settings with hybrid in-person/online courses.

“We have electronic records of those who participate,” Reed says. “We know what they’re interested in and we go proactive with that.”

Education delivery is a crowded field in urban settings with a variety of non-profits and foundations providing services. “In those areas we’ve become wholesalers of information, expeditors and facilitators, rather than retailing directly to clients,” Reed says.

“There’s not enough of us to go around.”

The new efforts often mean hiring staff with more diverse interests and backgrounds. “We can never forget our roots, but they (staff) must be willing to adapt and innovate both in knowledge and delivery,” says Thompson.

For more about the future of the nation’s Cooperative Extension System, see: https://www.joe.org/joe/2014december/comm1.php

SEATTLE (AP) — Smoke from wildfires clogged the sky across the U.S. West, blotting out mountains and city skylines from Oregon to Colorado, delaying flights and forcing authorities to tell even healthy adults in the Seattle area to stay indoors.

As large cities dealt with unhealthy air for a second summer in a row, experts warned that it could become more common as the American West faces larger and more destructive wildfires because of heat and drought blamed on climate change. Officials also must prioritize resources during the longer firefighting season, so some blazes may be allowed to burn in unpopulated areas.

Seattle’s Space Needle was swathed in haze, and it was impossible to see nearby mountains. Portland, Oregon, residents who were up early saw a blood-red sun shrouded in smoke and huffed their way through another day of polluted air. Portland Public Schools suspended all outdoor sports practices.

Thick smoke in Denver blocked the view of some of Colorado’s famous mountains and prompted an air quality health advisory for the northeastern quarter of the state.

The smoky pollution, even in Idaho and Colorado, came from wildfires in British Columbia and the Northwest’s Cascade Mountains, clouding a season that many spend outdoors.

Portland resident Zach Simon supervised a group of children in a summer biking camp who paused at a huge water fountain by the Willamette River, where gray, smoky haze obscured a view of Mount Hood.

Simon said he won’t let the kids ride as far or take part in as many running games like tag while the air quality is bad.

“I went biking yesterday, and I really felt it in my lungs, and I was really headachy and like, lethargic,” Simon said Monday. “Today, biking, you can see the whole city in haze and you can’t see the skyline.”

One of Colin Shor’s favorite things about working in the Denver area is the view of the high peaks to the west. But that was all but gone Monday.

“Not being able to see the mountains is kind of disappointing, kind of sad,” he said.

Forest fires are common, but typical Seattle-area weather pushes it out of the way quickly. The latest round of prolonged smoke happened as hot temperatures and high pressure collided, said Andrew Wineke, a spokesman for the state Ecology Department’s air quality program.

It’s a rare occurrence that also happened last year, raising concerns for many locals that it may become normal during wildfire season. Wineke said climate change is expected to contribute to many more fires.

“The trend is clear. You see the number of forest fires increasing, and so there’s going to be wildfires,” Wineke said. “There’s going to be smoke. It’s going to be somewhere.”

The Federal Aviation Administration said airplanes bound for the Sea-Tac International Airport, Seattle’s main airport, may be delayed because of low visibility.

In Spokane, air quality slipped into the “hazardous” range. Thick haze hung over Washington’s second-largest city, forcing vehicles to turn on their headlights during the morning commute.

The air quality was so bad that everyone, regardless of physical condition or age, will likely be affected, according to the Spokane Regional Clean Air Agency.

In California, wind blew smoke from several wildfires into the San Francisco Bay Area, where haze led authorities to issue an air quality advisory through Tuesday. They suggested people avoid driving to limit additional pollutants in the air and advised those with health problems to reduce time outdoors.

Health officials say signs of smoke-related health symptoms include coughing, scratchy throat, irritated sinuses, headaches, stinging eyes and runny nose. Those with heart disease may experience chest pain, irregular heartbeats, shortness of breath and fatigue.

Patients at Denver’s National Jewish Health, a respiratory hospital, were reporting worsening symptoms, hospital spokesman Adam Dormuth said.

In Portland, six tourists from Lincoln, Nebraska, posed for a photo in front of the Willamette River with the usual Mount Hood backdrop shrouded in haze. The group of siblings and friends rented an RV and drove in to visit a sister who recently moved to the area.

“We are disappointed that we can’t see the mountains and the whole city, because our relatives live here and tell us how pretty it is, and we’re missing it,” Bev Harris said. “We’re from tornado alley, and we don’t have wildfires. It’s a different experience.”

———

Flaccus reported from Portland, Oregon. Associated Press reporters Nicholas K. Geranios in Spokane, Dan Elliott in Denver and Olga R. Rodriguez in San Francisco contributed to this story.