A retired USDA researcher turned farmer has been named the 2015 Nut Grower of the Year.

Harry Lagerstedt, who worked for the agency’s Agricultural Research Service, is known for his popularization the Ennis hazelnut variety.

The cultivar produces high yields of large nuts and continues to receive a premium price from buyers due to its size, said Dave Smith, an Oregon State University researcher.

After retiring from USDA in 1987, Lagerstedt decided to “put his money where his mouth is” and planted orchards of Ennis hazelnuts and peaches in the Corvallis area, Smith said.

Lagerstedt was unable to accept the prestigious award at the recent annual conference of the Nut Growers Society in Corvallis on Jan. 13 due to a recent death in his family.

The society hopes to present him with the honor at its summer tour later in the year.

KENNEWICK, Wash. — West Coast hay growers have enjoyed brisk markets and strong prices for several years but that’s likely to end this summer as exporters buy less hay because they’ll have too much left over from 2014 due to the longshoremen’s work slowdown.

That was the warning three exporters left with hundreds of growers Jan. 15 at the end of the Northwest Hay Expo at Three Rivers Convention Center in Kennewick.

“We will have a lot of carryover unless things turn around at the ports right away,” said Chris Carrow, of the Ellensburg division of AXC Global.

“Yes, we will be like the Maytag repairman. You won’t see us around,” quipped Mike Hajny, vice president, Wesco International, Ellensburg.

“Milk prices are sliding so that takes away from dairy demand. It’s setting up to be a stale market at the start,” he said.

Most West Coast hay exporters are losing about 50 percent of their business per month since the port slowdown started Nov. 1, said Blaine Calaway, of Calaway Trading, Ellensburg. It’s tens of million of dollars and could reach hundreds of millions if it continues, said Shin Sasaki, vice president of Japan sales at Calaway.

“Very few people out of agriculture want to admit it, but it (the slowdown) is historically bad,” Sasaki said.

Truckloads are turned around at ports and sent home, drivers are getting one trip a day from Ellensburg to Seattle instead of two, but Wesco is paying drivers for part of the missing trip, Hajny said.

“We can absorb it for a small amount of time but we’re going on three months now. Cash flow is extremely tight. We’ve been fortunate to not lay people off but we have cut back hours,” he said.

Timothy shipments to Japan are down 24 percent and may never fully recover, Hajny said. Japan is turning to other sources, he said.

John Szczepanski, direcctor of the U.S. Forage Export Council, reviewed how the $1 billion per year industry grew from much smaller beginnings in Japan in the 1960s and 1970s. As recently as 2007, Japan was 91 percent of U.S. hay exports, but now it’s 51 percent as China and the United Arab Emirates have taken off as new markets, he said.

There was much discussion of sales to China being hurt by its zero tolerance for residue of genetically engineered alfalfa.

About 50 to 60 percent of new alfalfa plantings in California are Roundup Ready for domestic dairies, said Dan Putnam, University of California-Davis Extension forage specialist.

Growers need to make sure they use tested, non-detect seed and keep GE and non-GE hay inventories separate, he said. Hay dust in storage and residue on equipment can be problematic, others said.

Matt Fanta, of Forage Genetics International, Shoreview, Minn., and Rob Newell, vice president of North American sales of S&W Seed Co., Five Points, Calif., talked about levels of testing their companies do to ensure non-detect seed.

Luncheon speaker, Michele Payn-Knoper, an agriculture advocate from Lebanon, Ind., challenged growers to get proactive in telling their personal stories of how they grow food.

If they don’t, she said, they will lose their right to farm because environmentalists will be setting the agenda in regulations affecting how food is grown.

She urged growers to shoot video clips to show on social media and tell their stories, person-to-person, whenever they get the chance.

SPRINGFIELD, Ore. (AP) — Swanson Group Manufacturing says it will rebuild at the Springfield, Oregon, location where a spectacular fire destroyed its plywood and veneer mill last July.

The Register-Guard reports that the family-owned business said Thursday it will start construction on an upgraded mill this summer and hopes to have it mostly complete by mid-2016. The company plans to hire back as many displaced workers as possible.

The fire displaced 250 workers. The company says the new mill will employ between 180 and 190, due to increased automation.

Chuck Wert is chief operating officer of parent company Swanson Group. He says the company likes the existing site because of its proximity to ready labor, to the type and quality of logs it needs, and a pulp mill to take wood waste. Also, several major pieces of equipment survived the fire and would be expensive to duplicate elsewhere.

Wert says the new mill will focus on specialty plywood products, such as forms for pouring concrete, and hardwoods for cabinet and furniture construction.

GRANTS PASS, Ore. (AP) — The Obama administration is telling governors in 41 states how much money they are losing after Congress ended subsidies paid the past 20 years to counties that contain national forest land.

Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said Thursday that the U.S. Forest Service is sending more than $50 million to 746 timber counties in February, with Oregon and other Western states the biggest recipients. That compares to about $300 million paid out last fiscal year under the Secure Rural Schools subsidy program.

Forest Service Chief Tom Tidwell sent letters to governors detailing how their payments would be cut.

Since 1908, the Forest Service has paid a quarter of its logging revenues to counties to be used for roads and schools. That law was enacted to win support for the newly created national forest system.

When logging was cut by 90 percent on federal forests in the Northwest to protect the spotted owl and salmon, Congress started approving the subsidies.

As logging cutbacks spread around the country to protect fish, wildlife and clean water, Sen. Ron Wyden, R-Ore., sponsored the Secure Rural Schools bill, which expanded the subsidies.

They include payments to counties in western Oregon with U.S. Bureau of Land Management timberlands, which are at a higher rate, and used largely for sheriff’s patrols and jails.

The president’s budget included a five-year renewal of the program, but it died in the last days of Congress.

Wyden could not get it attached to a must-pass appropriation in the Senate. The House attached a one-year extension to a bill ramping up logging on national forests, but that bill had no traction in the Senate and a veto threat from the White House.

The subsidy issue is expected to come up again this year.

Timber states in the West are seeing the biggest drop.

Forest Service payments to Oregon counties drop from $67.9 million to $5.9 million; California, from $35.6 million to $8.7 million; Idaho, from $28.3 million to $2 million; Washington, from $21.5 million to $2.1 million; and Montana, from $21.3 million to $2 million.

Expiration of Secure Rural Schools also dries up money for search and rescue operations and conservation projects on national forests. In Oregon, some cash-strapped counties got permission to use road funds for law enforcement.

Rep. Greg Walden, R-Ore., has said he has a commitment from House speaker John Boehner to try to renew Secure Rural Schools for one year sometime in the first quarter of this year. But Republicans also are expected to try again to boost logging on national forests.

Expiration of Secure Rural Schools also dries up money for search and rescue operations and conservation projects on national forests. In Oregon, some cash-strapped counties got permission to use road funds for law enforcement.

Russ Karow, former head of Oregon State University’s Crop and Soil Science Department, has accepted a position as the next executive director of the OSU Agricultural Research Foundation.

Karow is in line to replace Kelvin Koong, who is stepping down June 30 from the position he has held since September of 2011.

Phil Walker, president of the foundation, said the organization’s personnel committee identified Karow as its top candidate early in the hiring process.

“We had a couple of interviews with Russ and the more we talked to him, the better it looked,” Walker said.

“Russ is a veteran administrator with proven people skills and strong ties to the Oregon State University community,” Walker said. “We just thought he was the best choice for the job.”

Karow retired as head of the Crop and Soil Science Department last fall.

His hiring is pending formal approval by the foundation’s board of directors, which will meet in March. Walker said the board has been consulted throughout the hiring process and to date has been supportive of the personnel committee’s selection. Because of that, he expects the board to endorse the committee’s selection.

“We’ve had no objections from anyone at this point,” Walker said.

The part-time executive director post is one of three staff positions at the foundation. The other two, office manager and manager of finance and research, are full-time positions.

The foundation, which was established in 1934, provides custodial services for research funds by accepting targeted grants from nonprofit organizations, including commodity commissions, and distributing the funds to researchers. In addition, the foundation accepts gifts toward research. It also distributes about $400,000 annually to researchers in competitive grants — funds it accrues through investments.

GRANTS PASS, Ore. (AP) — A wild duck shot by a hunter in the Willamette Valley is the first wild bird in Oregon to test positive for avian flu since the disease showed up recently in Washington.

The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife said Wednesday the female mallard was taken Dec. 20 at Fern Ridge Wildlife Area outside Eugene and was tested as part of a program initiated since avian flu appeared in Washington.

Department veterinarian Colin Gillin said avian flu poses no risk to people or wild waterfowl, but can kill domestic poultry.

Opponents of Oregon’s “right to farm” law can file a new complaint against the statute by Jan. 23 after a previous constitutional challenge was recently dismissed.

The dispute relates to a 2013 pesticide incident in Curry County in which several rural residents claimed they suffered from medical problems after an aerial applicator sprayed 2,4-D and triclopyr on their properties.

The Oregon Department of Agriculture issued a $10,000 civil penalty against the company, Pacific Air Research, but 17 plaintiffs filed a lawsuit against the applicator and related firms last year.

The plaintiffs asked Circuit Court Judge Jesse Margolis to declare that Oregon’s “right to farm” law, which prohibits nuisance and trespass lawsuits over common farming practices, is unconstitutional because it prevents people from seeking a legal remedy for an injury.

Such a ruling would have widespread consequences for Oregon’s farm and forest industries, which have faced previous legal attacks against the law that ultimately proved unsuccessful.

Margolis dismissed the Curry County lawsuit last month but will allow the plaintiffs to submit an amended complaint by Jan. 23.

The judge threw out their original complaint without prejudice — potentially keeping the fundamental legal question alive for the future — because the constitutional challenge is currently premature.

The plaintiffs want the “right to farm” law declared unconstitutional but they have not yet filed a lawsuit actually seeking damages for nuisance or trespass against Pacific Air Research or the other companies, Margolis said.

At this point, it’s merely hypothetical that the defendants would use the “right to farm” statute as a defense in such a case, the judge said.

Without a “justifiable controversy” underlying the constitutional challenge, the complaint must be dismissed, he said.

The plaintiffs are still deciding whether to file an amended complaint seeking to resolve these jurisdictional issues, said Chris Winter, their attorney.

Bradley Piscadlo, attorney for the defendants, said he could not comment on the case without permission from his clients.

In court documents, the plaintiffs argued that pursuing a nuisance or trespass claim against Pacific Air Research would be financially dangerous unless the court first declared Oregon’s “right to farm” law unconstitutional.

If the plaintiffs lost their nuisance or trespass lawsuit, the “right to farm” statute would require them to pay for the defendants’ attorney fees.

For this reason, the rural residents wanted the law declared unconstitutional so they would not face the “threat of incurring massive liability,” plaintiffs said in a court brief.

With hazelnut prices at a record high, farmers are trying to squeeze out as much profit from dying orchards as they can, experts say.

Older hazelnut trees across Oregon’s Willamette Valley are gradually succumbing to Eastern Filbert Blight, a fungal pathogen, while growers replace them with new disease-resistant varieties.

However, at a time when farmers are selling hazelnuts for $1.70 per pound — the highest price ever — they are reluctant to remove infected orchard blocks that still generate solid yields.

“We know it’s a matter of time before we lose the orchard but we’re going to keep fighting,” said Dwayne Bush, a farmer near Eugene, Ore., during the annual conference of the Nut Growers Society on Jan. 13.

Bush said he scouts for symptoms of blight and prunes away infected limbs throughout the winter, then sprays fungicides four times per year after bud break to suppress the disease.

Eastern filbert blight can be slowed by cutting away “cankers” that allow the fungus to release spores and infect new trees, said Jay Pscheidt, plant pathology professor at Oregon State University.

Cutting a branch directly below the canker, however, is not sufficient — more wood must be removed to effectively prevent the canker from growing, he said.

Pruning the limb three feet below the canker will offer the most protection but will also significantly dent production, so Pscheidt recommends cutting one foot below the canker.

Cankers can still release spores after a branch is cut, so growers should not allow pruned limbs to linger on the ground below trees, he said.

If piles cannot be burned immediately, they should be moved to an area where prevailing winds won’t send spores toward uninfected portions of the orchard, Pscheidt said.

Grinding the limbs has also been shown to nullify the threat from cankers, he said.

Fungicides help trees fight the fungus and stave off the decline in yields, but the cost of spraying must be weighed against the revenue from the orchard block, Pscheidt said.

“These fungicides are not 100 percent effective,” he said. “You will still find cankers on the trees, but significantly fewer of them.”

Growers with large trees must also contend with the issue of spray coverage.

Garry Rodakowski, a farmer near Vida, Ore., has trees that are 40-80 years old and have grown too big for cankers to be readily spotted.

Apart from pruning problems, the size of the trees impedes the penetration of fungicides, Rodakowski said.

“Your spray coverage has to get up there,” he said.

Rodakowski’s solution has been to remove the overstory between rows with a hedging machine, creating an opening for the fungicide mist to rise and filter into the trees.

“We’re knocking down about 20 feet from where the original canopy was,” he said.

Bruce Chapin, a farmer near Salem, Ore., hires aerial applicators to treat his trees, which allows him to exploit the few “weather windows” of ideal spraying weather in early spring.

“Timing is very important,” he said.

At this point, one of the orchards managed by Chapin’s family is so diseased that the blight has spread to the trees’ trunks, convincing them to stop pruning.

Even so, they hope to keep the block producing nuts for another 3-5 years with the spray regimen, he said. “Keep in mind, this orchard is still producing money.”

TODAY

TUESDAY, JAN. 13

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — A conservation group has bought a second large ranch along the John Day River in Central Oregon that could eventually provide public access to a remote, scenic part of the state.

The Western Rivers Conservancy bought the Murtha Ranch at Cottonwood Canyon in 2008, and then sold it to the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department for what’s now the second-largest state park, at 8,000 acres.

The organization recently bought a ranch 40 miles upstream, at Thirtymile Creek in Gilliam County, near Condon, The Oregonian reports.

The ranch has all-weather private road access to the John Day River at a point where it runs in a 1,000-foot-deep canyon, but access is now available only by paying a fee. It’s on a 70-mile stretch of the river with a federal designation as wild and scenic.

The Rattray Ranch had been owned for three generations by the family that homesteaded in the 1880s, passing it down to six sisters who sold it.

The purchase price was not disclosed, but an Eastern Oregon real estate company had listed it at $7 million.

The property comes with grazing rights to 10,530 adjacent acres owned by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.

Named for a fur trapper, the John Day at 281 miles is the second-longest undammed river in the continental United States.

It rises in the southern part of the Blue Mountains, runs westward and then turns to the northwest, cutting across the Columbia Plateau to empty into the Columbia River.

The two conservancy purchases are on the lower part of the river, popular with rafters and anglers.

The organization hopes to sell the land to the Bureau of Land Management.

President Sue Doroff said that may take three to five years, after which the agency could develop a public access plan. The conservancy plans to sell land used to grow wheat to a private owner.

It has no agreement with the federal agency, though, as it did with the state parks department before buying the Cottonwood Canyon property.

“Thirtymile Creek is a very important cold water tributary of the lower John Day River for salmon and steelhead,” Doroff said. “We want to protect and restore it in perpetuity.”

She said the section the river near the ranch has wilderness qualities, and eventual public access would allow boaters a 40-mile trip downstream to Cottonwood Canyon, avoiding challenging rapids. The uplands has one of Oregon’s largest herds of bighorn sheep, with 600 animals.

Intensive monitoring on the Middle Fork John Day River has revealed an invasive species new to Eastern Oregon.

A type of freshwater snail, commonly known as the European ear snail, was collected in September by the North Fork John Day Watershed Council based in Long Creek. It was tested and positively identified Dec. 31 by a laboratory in Missoula, Montana.

Native to Europe and Asia, the species was most likely introduced to North America by accident sometime in the late 1800s, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The theory goes that snails hitchhiked over on plants imported to North American greenhouses, and were later released into the environment.

Ear snails have been found at numerous locations across the West, with the nearest prior discoveries at Lake Billy Chinook in central Oregon and in the Snake River and Owyhee drainages of Idaho. Significant populations are also appearing in southwest Oregon.

Project coordinators with the North Fork John Day Watershed Council caught a single snail in their drift net during regular monitoring activities just downstream of Galena in Grant County. Staff member Justin Rowell said the council is now looking to partner with the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife to determine the source and extent of the population.

“This is the first time it’s been found in Eastern Oregon,” Rowell said. “We’re hoping to do some more studies to see where it came from, and how intensive the infestation is.”

While the species is invasive, it is not considered noxious, Rowell said. That means it does not out-compete or have any other known detrimental effects to native species in the river.

“It’s not supposed to be here, but it’s not going to take over the river or anything like that,” he said.

The European ear snail gets its name for its distinctly ear-shaped shell. It prefers to live in freshwater lakes or slow-moving rivers, and feeds primarily on sand, algae and other organic debris.

Monitoring on the Middle Fork John Day River is done as part of the Middle Fork Intensely Monitored Watershed, supported by the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board in collaboration with other state, university and nonprofit partners.

More information is available at www.middleforkimw.org.

CENTRAL POINT, Ore. — On the heels of last week’s official designation of an eighth wolf pack in Oregon, biologists believe yet another wandering wolf is prowling timberland just north of the California border.

Biologist Mark Vargas of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife reported the probable wolf sighting near the community of Keno in Klamath County during a wolf update at the Jan. 10 annual meeting of the Jackson County Stockmen’s Association. Vargas said the sighting came while the known pack was in another location, and has not been officially confirmed.

ODFW and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service earlier designated as the “Rogue Pack” a group of wolves running with OR-7 and his mate.

The pack’s home turf, most of it national forest timberland, is southeastern Douglas County, eastern Jackson County, western Klamath County and perhaps portions of far northern Siskiyou County in California.

“There could be more wolves, we don’t know yet,” Vargas said. The Oregon wolf census is currently in progress.

Several members of the stockmen’s association run cattle on public lands in the Cascade Mountains where the Rogue Pack apparently spends much of its time. Vargas told the cattlemen they need to deal with the reality.

“We have wolves, folks. They are not going away. I realize this is a lifestyle change,” Vargas said.

He urged cattlemen to look into forming the county advisory committee, which allows them to tap into state funds should confirmed livestock losses occur.

The Oregon Legislature in 2013 established a wolf predation loss compensation program. Funds were distributed to producers in eight Eastern Oregon counties in 2014. Neither Vargas nor Jackson County Commissioner Doug Breidenthal had details on the Oregon Department of Agriculture compensation program or county advisory committee duties.

Breidenthal, who followed Vargas on the stockmen’s program, said the Jackson County Board of Commissioners won’t form a wolf predation loss advisory committee without a formal request. Stockmen indicated they will study the law and regulations with an eye toward making that request next month.

An informal show of hands indicated most folks at the meeting favor forming the committee. That’s the only legal way to tap the state compensation fund. Several stockmen had questions about how the county committee process might work.

The state law says confirmed losses will be paid at “fair market value,” with 90 percent coming from the newly established state trust fund and 10 percent from county funds. Jackson County has no item in the current budget for livestock loss compensation.

Mark Hopkins, who coordinates grazing allotments on the Rogue-Siskiyou National Forest, said official designation of the wolf pack triggers a set of rules for livestock permittees. They include prompt removal of carcasses that would attract wolves and a ban on salt block placement in the vicinity of known wolf den sites.

Last week’s official designation of the Rogue Pack is a formal change to the Oregon Wolf Management Plan. The other seven packs are concentrated in Northeastern Oregon, where Idaho wolves initially swam the Snake River from Idaho.

OR-7, a radio-collared male from one of those packs, undertook a celebrated trek in 2011 and 2012 to Oregon’s Cascade Mountains, then spent time in Northern California before returning to Southern Oregon and setting up housekeeping. His mate apparently came south on her own from Northeast Oregon.

The Rogue Pack had three pups in 2014. Vargas says ODFW and federal biologists assume at least two survived into the new year. Pup survival is part of the state criteria for designating packs. ODFW is reviewing all wolf data this winter to make official determinations on known breeding pairs and pup survival rates. Michelle Dennehy, an ODFW spokesperson, said it will be several weeks before that data is analyzed and official 2014 wolf populations are announced.

WEDNESDAY, JAN. 14

COQUILLE — A new real estate firm has come to town.

For the Capital Press

With half the snowfall season in the books, snowpack levels in Western Oregon are dangerously low.

The good news is the levels could rebound before snowfall season expires, and in Eastern Oregon, where farmer fortunes are more closely tied to snowpack, the levels are doing fine.

Still, with the warm, wet conditions of an El Nino permeating Western Oregon at a time when the snowpack is typically building, concerns are mounting that Western Oregon farmers could face water shortages come irrigation season.

“We’ve seen years where snowpack levels rebounded,” said Scott Oviatt, snow program manager for the Natural Resources Conservation Service in Portland. “We’ve also seen years where the tap just shut off.”

Last year, Oviatt said, snowpack levels were below even this year’s in the January survey. But heavy, late-season snowfall created near normal snowpack levels by May.

Oviatt said the NRCS attributes the low snowfall levels in Western Oregon this year to “climate variability” and not climate change.

“Climate variability is the key here, and that is the case every year,” he said.

The lowest levels in the first NRCS Oregon snow survey of the year are in the Klamath Basin, which is at 24 percent of normal; the Rogue Umpqua Basin, which is at 25 percent of normal; and the Willamette, which is at 29 percent of normal. Also dangerously low are the Hood, Sandy, Lower Deschutes Basin comes in at 30 percent of normal; and the Upper Deschutes, Crooked Basin registers 38 percent of normal.

Snowpack conditions improve dramatically to the east, with Harney Basin at 108 percent of normal; Malheur at 92 percent of normal; and Owyhee at 86 percent of normal. The Umatilla, Walla Walla, Willow Basin is at 68 percent of normal; the Grande Ronde, Powder, Burnt, Imnaha Basin is at 78 percent of normal; while the Lake County, Goose Lake Basin is at 57 percent of normal.

Precipitation levels, conversely, are high throughout the state, with all 11 basins surveyed at or above 100 percent of normal for the water year, which starts Oct. 1.

The NRCS issues snow surveys using data from its 80 Oregon Snotel sites once a month from January through June.

One last hope for Western Oregon farmers, if snowpack levels don’t rebound, is a flush of spring rain to build reservoir levels. Given that weather forecasters are showing warmer than normal conditions over the next 90 days, heavy spring rainfall may end up being Western Oregon farmers’ last and best hope to generate a water supply adequate to get through the 2015 irrigation season.

TUESDAY, JAN. 13

Oregon State University has announced fall term honor roll students. A total of 861 students earned a GPA of 4.0 and 3,598 earned a 3.5 GPA or better. To be included on the honor roll, student…

SATURDAY, JAN. 10

SALEM — At an extension wheat and seed production meeting here Jan. 6, Oregon State University plant pathologist Chris Mundt issued an alert to Willamette Valley wheat producers to keep an eye out for stripe rust.

Mundt said mild winter weather is creating an ideal environment for the fungal disease to get a foothold early this year. And, he said, “The largest field losses occur when stripe rust starts early.

“You don’t want the rust to get ahead of you,” he said.

Stripe rust and Septoria are the two biggest disease threats to wheat production in the Willamette Valley, Mundt said.

Mild winter temperatures increase the likelihood the rust pathogen survives the winter and shortens the time it takes for the pathogen to complete a generation, which can increase the amount of inoculum in the environment at any one time, Mundt said.

With temperatures 5 degrees above normal in December, and with January starting out with abnormally high temperatures, Mundt said he believes growers could start seeing stripe rust two and three weeks earlier than normal.

“I think this could be a year where it might be possible for stripe rust to start to pop out on susceptible varieties even in mid-January,” he said.

“Let us know if you see something pop up early, because you really need to control disease on a valley-wide basis and we want to know when that first rust is popping up,” he said.

The good news for growers, Mundt said, is that because 2014 was a mild rust year, not a lot of rust inoculum was present in the valley going into the winter.

But, he said, “On the negative side, probably the biggest driver of whether you are going to have a severe stripe rust outbreak is whether or not you had a mild winter.”

Also on the plus side of the ledger, wheat varieties available today are more resistant to rust than varieties available in the past, Mundt said, including in 2011, a year in which rust played havoc with wheat production in the valley.

Mundt singled out the varieties Bobtail and Rosalyn as “very resistant” to stripe rust.

Even given their high level of resistance, however, Mundt advised growers to keep an eye on their fields.

“You really can’t predict how these varieties are going to hold up,” he said.

Mundt identified Kaseberg, SY Ovation and LCS Art Deco as moderately resistant varieties.

“In a low rust year, they are probably going to hold up well,” he said, “so if there is not a lot of rust around, you are probably home free in terms of rust spraying. On the other hand, if there is a lot of rust in the valley, you probably want to give them a treatment.”

Mundt identified the varieties Goetze, Tubbs 06 and Mary as highly susceptible to the disease.

“If you’ve even heard about rust anywhere in the valley, you probably want to give them a treatment,” he said.