BEND, Ore. (AP) — Oregon is one of several states without a routine water testing program, leaving many bodies of water unmonitored for harmful algae blooms.

The Bulletin reports a handful of the state’s lakes are shut down each summer because of harmful algae blooms. The blooms, sometimes called blue-green algae, are caused by toxin-producing bacteria and often form a green paint-like scum on the surface of the water. It can cause health problems for humans and can kill livestock and pets.

Most blooms are only a minor inconvenience, but environmental authorities are concerned that climate change and runoff are increasing the frequency and severity of harmful algae blooms and putting people and animals at greater risk.

Algae expert Dr. Wayne Carmichael says the blooms will get worse unless people address water quality.

THURSDAY, JULY 7

Oregon Gov. Kate Brown said Tuesday that she will be taking a stance on a ballot measure that would raise taxes on businesses, but she’s not yet ready to do so.

The initiative, currently referred to as IP-28, has qualified for the November ballot. It would raise taxes on businesses with sales that exceed $25 million, generating a projected $3 billion dollars per year in tax revenue.

“I will be making a decision,” Brown said following an event in downtown Portland. “The bottom line is as governor I believe it’s important that I consider all of Oregon, all of Oregon’s businesses and the people throughout the state. I think that it’s more important that I get the decision right than have it be done quickly.”

Brown said she’s meeting with businesses and service providers as she tries to determine whether or not she’ll support the tax measure.

Many in the business community oppose the ballot measure, arguing it will harm Oregon’s economy. Public employee unions, the measure’s biggest supporters, said the state needs additional funds.

On that point, Brown agreed.

“We are facing a revenue shortfall in the next biennium roughly in the neighborhood of $1.4 billion,” Brown said.

Former Gov. John Kitzhaber has been critical of the measure as well as Brown’s neutral stance on the tax measure.

BEND, Ore. (AP) — Residents of a remote county in eastern Oregon where an armed group seized a federal wildlife refuge have voted overwhelmingly to keep in office a top local official who had denied the occupiers access to a county building.

“I feel so good about the outcome,” Harney County Judge Steve Grasty told The Associated Press over the phone from the county courthouse in Burns. “The voters have spoken. What’s important is to move ahead, see where is the common ground. ... People won’t always agree but we can find what we can work on together.”

Grasty had faced the special recall election Tuesday because he refused to let the activists, who said they were protesting federal land-use policies, use a county building to host a meeting. Supporters of the recall say Grasty violated rights to free speech and freedom of assembly.

According to unofficial final results, 2,038 residents, or 70 percent of votes cast, opposed recalling Grasty; 861 residents, representing 30 percent of ballots, voted to remove him.

“Looks like a strong statement was made,” Harney County Clerk Derrin E. “Dag” Robinson said.

The first recall effort in this high-desert county in 21 years underscored divisions that remain more than four months after the 41-day occupation ended Feb. 11.

The group took over the refuge in opposition to federal government overreach in the West, where a lot of land managed by the federal government.

“I certainly hope, after tonight, we can work as a community to heal, let the past go, and move forward in a positive way,” Robinson said.

Most signs in a nearby town and on ranch fence posts were for Grasty, who, even though he prevailed in the recall effort, retires in December.

“I’m going to save packing up until the end of the year,” Grasty told AP. He had earlier said that if he lost the recall, he’d put his belongings in a box and leave right away.

He had told the AP in a recent interview that he viewed this special election as a referendum on how he and other county officials handled the takeover of the 188,000-acre Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.

More than two dozen occupiers were arrested amid the takeover, and one was shot dead at a roadblock confrontation with law enforcement. Several have pleaded guilty to conspiracy in exchange for the dismissal of a charge of firearms possession in a federal facility. Most of the remaining defendants, including leader Ammon Bundy, are scheduled to go to trial Sept. 7.

The headquarters of the refuge, 30 miles south of Burns, is still closed, though refuge roads are open. Refuge manager Chad Karges said he expects the headquarters to reopen in late summer or early fall.

The county’s last recall election, in June 1995 against another county judge and a county commissioner, resoundingly failed, Robinson noted. The recall petition had complained, among other things, that the judge had “purchased luxury automobiles with the taxes of people struggling to survive.”

“They were Fords, Crown Victorias,” Robinson, who that year worked for the county clerk’s office as an intern, remembered with a laugh. “They were not luxury cars.”

The issues this time are rooted in something more serious — seizure of federal property by occupiers from out of state, plus the deadly confrontation. Their presence, and that of hundreds of law enforcement officers, put county residents on edge.

Grasty said he stands by his decision to deny Bundy and his group from using a county building.

“He had already taken over, with firearms, a whole compound of buildings. And (the request) didn’t make sense to me, nor did it fit public policy about public safety,” Grasty said.

Robinson said Harney County recently got a scanning machine for examining ballots and tallying election results; this election was the second time the county has used it.

He said he had posted on his own Facebook page to try to boost voter participation. The county lacks a radio station and has only a weekly newspaper.

Voter participation in the Tuesday recall vote was 64 percent.

ALBANY, Ore. (AP) — After having to throttle down for more than a week due to periods of pounding rainfall and spotty hail, mid-Willamette Valley farmers put combines back to work in area grass seed fields over the weekend.

They are looking forward to several days with temperatures in the mid-to-upper 80s and only a 10 percent chance of rain on Saturday.

“It’s very early in the season, but it doesn’t appear the rain caused many problems,” said Oregon State University seed specialist Clare Sullivan. “There were patches of hail that appear to have affected some fields. Rain wise, I haven’t heard anyone complaining about that.”

The hail may have shattered some seed heads, loosening the seed prematurely from the shaft of the plant that had been swathed and was in the drying stages before being picked up by a combine.

Sullivan said it’s also too early to say whether unusually warm weather — several days in the high 90s a month ago — had a detrimental effect on seed size.

“Usually, extreme heat will speed up the ripening process, which can result in lighter weight seed,” she said. “But I think that by the time the hot weather arrived, the plants were already ahead of last year in their growing cycles and were going through their physiological changes.”

Sullivan said the rains have also helped keep the regrowth grasses green.

It’s interesting to see the contrast of the bright green grass under the swath rows,” she said.

Oren Neuschwander started harvesting grass seed fields near Eicher Road Monday afternoon and said that, so far, things were looking good.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture reported in May that about 118,000 acres in Oregon are devoted this year to annual ryegrass, down about 4 percent from 2015.

The number of acres of perennial ryegrass is expected to remain unchanged at about 97,000 acres.

The USDA reported that numbers in 2015 were lower then usual due to drought conditions.

Growers also reported heavy damage from winter cutworms, mice and slugs.

A ruling striking down the ban on genetically engineered crops in Josephine County, Ore., is being appealed by supporters of the ordinance.

The prohibition was passed by voters in 2014 but overturned in May by Josephine County Circuit Court Judge Pat Wolke, who held that state law clearly pre-empted local regulations of genetically modified organisms, or GMOs.

Oregonians for Safe Farms and Families, a nonprofit, and Sisikou Seeds, an organic farm, defended the GMO ban in court and have filed a notice informing the judge that they will appeal his decision.

Mary Middleton, executive director of OSFF, said the group continues to believe in local control and wants to vindicate the will of voters who created the GMO-free zone.

“Winning sets a precedent for the rest of the state,” Middleton said.

Middleton and other supporters of the GMO ban feared that biotech crops will cross-pollinate with organic and conventional ones, ruining their marketability.

Farmers Robert and Shelley Anne White filed a lawsuit against the ordinance last year because they wanted to plant genetically engineered sugar beets.

Wolke agreed with them that state lawmakers disallowed such local restrictions in 2013, rejecting arguments that the pre-emption law was unconstitutional.

John DiLorenzo, attorney for the plaintiffs, said he’s confident the Oregon Court of Appeals will affirm the decision, preventing county-by-county litigation if other local governments pass similar GMO bans.

“That’s why I’m not opposed to an appeal. I think we’ll establish a state rule,” he said.

Currently, Oregon’s Jackson County is the only jurisdiction where a GMO ban is allowed under state law.

The initiative on Jackson County’s ordinance was already on the ballot when the Oregon Legislature approved the statewide pre-emption statute, and it has since been upheld by a federal judge.

However, county restrictions on GMOs have come under fire in the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which has been asked to decide whether such local regulations are allowed under federal law.

Meanwhile, DiLorenzo is seeking $29,000 in attorney fees from OSFF and Siskiyou Seeds, alleging that some of their legal arguments lacked an “objectively reasonable basis.”

The non-profit and farm have objected to this request, arguing it would have a “chilling effect” on other groups that want to “challenge unjust laws that impact local communities,” according to a court document.

Siskiyou Seeds owner Don Tipping said the $29,000 award would result in “great financial harm” for his company, since “farming is typically close to a breakeven livelihood,” according to the document.

Middleton of OSFF said in the document that the requested amount is greater than the group’s operating budget for the GMO ban campaign, so being forced to pay it “may result in shutting down and/or dissolution of the entire organization.”

BEND, Ore. (AP) — Last votes are coming in for a special election being held in Eastern Oregon that was the site earlier this year of an armed takeover of a federal wildlife refuge by militants opposed to overreach by the federal government.

Harney County Judge Steve Grasty, the top administrator of the sparsely populated high-desert county, faces a recall vote because he refused to allow the militants to use a county building to hold a meeting. The vote underscores that divisions remain in the county more than four months after the 41-day occupation ended on Feb. 11.

By late Monday afternoon, Harney County Clerk Derrin E. “Dag” Robinson had collected 58 percent of the roughly 4,400 ballots sent out. Voters can cast ballots at drop-off boxes until 8 p.m. Tuesday, at which time the last ballots will all be collected. In Oregon, voters mail or drop off ballots.

Signs calling for voters to reject the recall effort, and a few of them supporting it, are on lawns and businesses all over Burns, the county seat.

SAN JOSE, Calif. (AP) — The San Jose Sharks issued a qualifying offer to pending restricted free agent forward Tomas Hertl and three other players.

BURNS, Oregon (AP) — Winter and spring have passed since an armed occupation of a federal wildlife refuge ended, but its aftershocks are still shaking this high desert region of Oregon, with activists setting up “Camp Freedom” where an occupier was killed and organizing a recall election this week against a top county official.

The headquarters of the 188,000-acre Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, which was occupied for 41 days, is still closed. Down the road, at The Narrows cafe, saloon, shop and gas station, things have settled. Co-owner Linda Gainer said the business she got from journalists, agents, occupiers, protesters against the occupation, and from protesters protesting the protesters, more than made up for any slower days now. The last militants surrendered Feb. 11.

“I met some awesome people. And you know, everybody that came through, they were all polite,” she said, describing how even militia members and anti-occupation protesters exchanged greetings.

At her place, 26 miles south of Burns, Gainer feels isolated from the divisions that broke open during the takeover and still linger. Burns is the main town in Harney County, which at more than 10,000 square miles is the largest in Oregon. With only 7,100 residents, it is also one of the least populated.

Those divisions are evident in the signs about Tuesday’s special recall election against County Judge Steve Grasty, who for the past 18 years has been the county’s top administrative official. Grasty blocked occupation leader Ammon Bundy from holding a public meeting in a county building, an act cited as justification for the recall effort. Grasty says it was absurd for Bundy, who said he wanted to turn the federal refuge over to local residents, to ask to use county property.

“He had already taken over, with firearms, a whole compound of buildings. And (the request) didn’t make sense to me, nor did it fit public policy about public safety,” Grasty, his shirt adorned with a “No Recall” button, said in an interview in the county courthouse.

Grasty sees this election as a referendum on the county’s handling of the crisis.

“I’ll be disappointed if I’m recalled,” Grasty said. “If I’m successful, I think it’s an affirmation that the county government did the right things during the course of the occupation.”

A local supporter of Bundy said a Harney County resident had tried to rent the building so locals could hear both sides on the takeover. The supporter, who did not want to be named for fear that doing so could impact the supporter’s business, said Grasty’s refusal violated rights to free speech and freedom of assembly.

However, the vast majority of signs in Burns and on ranch fence posts are for Grasty, who, even if the referendum fails, retires in December.

“I certainly hope the recall is defeated hugely,” said Donna Clark, who lives with her husband on 5 acres outside Burns, on ranchland they operated with other families before retiring. She said the recall effort is “sour grapes” for the minority of locals who supported the refuge takeover, which was carried out by outsiders.

More than two dozen occupiers were arrested. Several have pleaded guilty in federal court in Portland to conspiracy in exchange for the dismissal of a charge of firearms possession in a federal facility. Most of the remaining defendants, including Bundy, are scheduled to go to trial Sept. 7.

There was one fatality during the takeover. LaVoy Finicum, an Arizona rancher, was shot by Oregon State Police at a roadblock on a snowy road on a mountain pass, far from the refuge as he and others headed for a meeting in an adjacent county. Aerial FBI video footage shows Finicum exit his pickup with his hands up, and then being shot as he reaches for what authorities said was a weapon.

Today, the snow is gone. Grass carpets the forest floor underneath towering ponderosas. At the spot where Finicum died is a makeshift memorial consisting of a stone slab with his LV cattle brand, American flags, a disc that says “land of the free because of the brave,” flowers and other items. Wooden crosses are affixed to nearby trees.

William C. Fisher said he drove to the site three weeks ago from Boise, Idaho, after he heard that sheriff’s deputies were ticketing people for erecting crosses. He began camping out to protect the site. He said one deputy removed crosses, even though roadside crosses for car-crash victims are permitted.

“I am here because there is an American hero that had been murdered over there, and I feel it is my duty that his memorial needs to stand,” Fisher said. “This is a peaceful assembly. This is a peaceful protest. We have that right to assemble and protest and have freedom of speech.”

A few others have joined Fisher. In the woods behind a roadside banner saying “Camp Freedom” a half-dozen tents have been erected. People dressed in camouflage military uniforms or street clothes sit around a campfire. Tarps provide shade. A decorated tomahawk hangs from a tree.

Someone is always on duty to protect the memorial, said John Hildinger, of Corpus Christi, Texas, wearing an American-flag bandanna on his head.

Larry Jay, a 72-year-old from Burns who describes himself as a Choctaw adopted into the Crow tribe, says the tomahawk and other ceremonial items provide spiritual protection.

“We are the honor guard,” Jay said, his bicep tattooed with Finicum’s brand. “We don’t use labels like patriots or militia.”

Later, a split emerged in the camp, with Jay and Fisher planning to get a permit for a permanent memorial, with others opposed. Fisher plans to pack up the memorial on Monday and deliver it to Finicum’s widow until the permit is issued.

Jay, meanwhile, said he is voting against the judge.

“We tried to get a spot where we could meet and talk, with the ranchers and the ones coming up from ... all over,” he said. “Steve Grasty put a stop to that.”

Sundays

SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — A Utah militia group leader with ties to Nevada rancher Cliven Bundy has been arrested and charged with attempting to blow up a rural, federally owned cabin in Arizona, federal authorities said Thursday.

An FBI agent said in charging documents that William Keebler, 57, was planning to retaliate against the federal government that he felt was harassing people and imposing overreaching grazing restrictions on ranchers.

Keebler is a the leader of citizen militia group called the Patriots Defense Force in Stockton, Utah, about 40 miles west of Salt Lake City, according to the charging documents.

Authorities say undercover FBI employees followed Keebler as he planned to set off an explosive outside a U.S. Bureau of Land Management cabin in the northern Arizona area of Mt. Trumbull.

Keebler traveled to the Arizona cabin Tuesday night with militia members and undercover FBI employees. An inactive explosive was placed against the door and Keebler was handed a remote detonation device and pushed it several times, according to the FBI.

The FBI arrested Keebler in Utah on Wednesday morning. He faces one count of attempting to damage federal property with an explosive. If convicted, he could face up to 20 years in prison, according to U.S. Attorney’s Office spokeswoman Melodie Rydalch.

Keebler wore camouflage clothes and had his hands shackled in front of him during a brief hearing to inform him of the charges Thursday. His lawyer declined to comment.

His friend Pete Olson said outside the courtroom he’d been to meetings of Keebler’s militia, but never heard any talk of violence.

“This militia group is kind of like grown up Boy Scouts,” he said. Keebler is something of a survivalist with his own farm who often carries a gun, but Olson said he’s never known him to be around explosives.

“That’s not the Bill I like and I know, but I know that people get pushed beyond their limits sometimes,” he said.

According to the FBI, Keebler was at Cliven Bundy’s Nevada ranch during a 2014 armed standoff with federal officials who were rounding up Bundy’s cattle over unpaid grazing fees.

He was also an associate of Arizona rancher Robert “LaVoy” Finicum, who served as a spokesman for Bundy’s son, Ammon Bundy, and other ranchers involved in an armed standoff at an Oregon wildlife refuge earlier this year.

The FBI says Finicum accompanied Keebler last October when scouting out the BLM facility in Arizona. Finicum was shot and killed by authorities during a Jan. 26 traffic stop that led to Bundy’s arrest.

After Finicum’s death, Keebler and members of his militia group discussed repercussions against a government they said was harassing people and imposing overreaching restrictions on ranchers, according to the FBI.

The militia group scouted out a BLM office in downtown Salt Lake City but abandoned the idea because it was near a shopping mall and homeless population, making it highly visible. Instead, they settled on the BLM cabin in Mt. Trumbull.

It’s unclear what the cabin is used for.

A BLM spokeswoman and Rydalch with the U.S. Attorney’s Office declined to describe the facility or whether employees were working there.

Potato breeders at Oregon State University are hot on the tail of a microscopic parasite lurking in farms across the Columbia Basin.

Columbia root-knot nematodes might be too small to see with the naked eye, but they can cause noticeable damage to spuds if left unchecked. The faculty at OSU’s Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center are now working to identify the gene that makes certain potatoes resistant to nematodes, which could then be used to create new varieties.

Sapinder Bali, a postdoctoral scholar with the HAREC plant breeding program, is part of a team developing molecular markers for the nematode-resistance gene in potatoes. She discussed their progress during the station’s annual potato field day Wednesday.

Nematodes infect both the roots and tubers of potato plants, which can stunt their growth or kill them altogether. By developing a set of molecular markers, Bali said researchers will be able to scan potatoes at the DNA level to find which varieties are resistant and which are susceptible to nematodes.

“These markers can help breeders to confirm the resistant varieties before crossing for choosing right parents and evaluating the segregating populations with higher confidence,” according to the project summary.

That gives breeders like Sagar Sathuvalli a leg up on creating new varieties designed to save farmers money. Sathuvalli works with the Tri-State Potato Breeding Program with Oregon, Washington and Idaho. It takes a minimum of 12 years and thousands of samples before new varieties are ready for commercial release, he said.

The program did release three new varieties earlier this year, including Jester, Cheshire and Vermilion. Three others are also in the works. Sathuvalli said breeding is done primarily for resistance to pests like nematodes and diseases like Verticillium wilt and potato virus Y.

“Our goal is to identify those genes responsible for resistance,” he said.

Other field day presentations included updates on tiny Lygus bugs as a potential vector for disease, as well as efforts to monitor aphids in fields. The goal of HAREC field days is to provide the latest information on growing tools and techniques to make local farmers as efficient and profitable as they can.

Station Director Phil Hamm said HAREC is now home to 15 center-pivot irrigation systems for their fields, mostly due to the generosity of supporters. A new Blue Mountain Community College Precision Irrigation Agriculture building is also under construction.

“It just keeps getting bigger and bigger,” Hamm said. “I don’t think you can go anywhere where they have more faculty doing more with potatoes than we have here.”

Umatilla and Morrow counties are home to a sweeping variety of agriculture, from rolling wheat fields to colorful orchards and rugged cattle ranches.

State tourism officials say those same farms could become a major selling point for visitors wanting to see (and taste) the authentic Oregon experience.

Travel Oregon, along with the Eastern Oregon Visitors Association and Northeast Oregon Economic Development District, hosted a pair of workshops Tuesday and Wednesday to teach farmers ways they can attract tourists while sustaining their normal operations.

The melding of agriculture and tourism, or “agritourism,” is not a new concept. Activities can include things like U-pick fields, farm stands and horseback riding. Alexa Carey, destination development specialist for Travel Oregon, said the industry as a whole has been developing for decades.

“It’s a chance to experience the Old West,” Carey said. “These are opportunities people want to have.”

About 20 people attended Tuesday’s workshop at the Port of Morrow in Boardman, which provided an overview of where agritourism has been in Eastern Oregon and where it’s going. Data compiled by Travel Oregon offers a glimpse into what agritourists look like and what they’re looking for.

According to the agency, agritourists tend to be families with a moderate income, highly educated and mostly day-trippers. They are searching for authenticity and are more interested in having a story to tell than a T-shirt to buy.

“We want that explorer. We want that person who’s passionate about getting outside and trying new things,” Carey said.

One thing agritourists will spend money on, however, is food.

According to Travel Oregon, 55 percent of visitors between 2008 and 2010 participated in at least one culinary experience, whether it was at a restaurant, winery or craft brewery.

Elena Vizzini, also from Travel Oregon, said food and drink is part of the tourist’s immersion into the local culture. Those seeking agritourism came primarily from urban centers like Portland, Spokane and Eugene, based on information gleaned from the Travel Oregon website.

But farming is not always lucrative business and it can be a struggle to find the skill and capital needed to start something like a farm tour or tasting room. While Oregon tourism is a $10 billion business, Travel Oregon is still working on an economic analysis specifically pertaining to agritourism. That study is expected to be available by next year.

Carey and Vizzini did point to several other Eastern Oregon success stories, such as a promotional campaign for Wallowa County and the John Day River Territory brand. As a subregion, Umatilla and Morrow counties — dubbed “Oregon’s Rugged Country” — has the potential, but participants said they will need to do a better job collaborating to make it happen.

Alice Trindle, a rancher from Haines and executive director of the Eastern Oregon Visitors Association, said they are working on a marketing plan with four core initiatives — agritourism, cycling, arts and heritage.

“Somehow, we have to share those stories about our wonderful producers,” she said. “It really is about building relationships.”

Working together in groups, participants identified gaps they need to cover in the plan, including better communication, forging partnerships and finding new funding sources. Carey said regional collaboration is a key to marketing to tourists.

“We care about consumers that really want to participate in the products we’re producing,” she said.

Wednesday’s session, in Hermiston, focused more on specific business models to making agritourism profitable. That workshop was held at the Eastern Oregon Trade and Event Center.

ONTARIO, Ore. — Eastern Oregon farmer Jerry Erstrom scouts for patches of genetically engineered creeping bentgrass on the banks of an irrigation ditch June 14.

It doesn’t take him long to find one. And then another, and another.

The bentgrass was genetically engineered to withstand applications of glyphosate herbicide, which makes it difficult to kill.

Farmers such as Erstrom worry it will ultimately take over the countryside, clog irrigation ditches and affect shipments of crops to nations that don’t accept traces of genetically modified organisms, or GMOs.

“I’ve been doing weeds for 25 years and I promise you in five years this (county) will be inundated with it,” said Erstrom, chairman of the Malheur County Weed Board.

The bentgrass was meant for golf courses. Instead, after escaping from field trials 13 years ago, it has taken root in Malheur and Jefferson counties and ignited a debate about who should be responsible for controlling it in the future.

Scotts Miracle-Gro Co., which was developing the grass for use mainly on golf course greens, said it is committed to collaboratively working with growers and irrigation districts to control and eradicate the grass where possible.

But some farmers believe a 10-year agreement Scotts recently reached with USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service will allow the company in a few years to essentially walk away from any responsibility for controlling the plant.

“I think Scotts should be liable for what they did but they are pretty much walking away from it,” said Malheur County farmer Rod Frahm. “Personally, I think since they created the problem, they should take care of it.”

Molly Jennings, director of public affairs for Scotts, told Capital Press in an email that claims the company is walking away from its responsibility are unfounded. “We are committed, and have been, to a collaborative, long-term management plan with local landowners, irrigation managers and others.”

In an email response, USDA Public Affairs Specialist Andre Bell also rejected the notion that the agreement allows Scotts to walk away from the problem.

Scotts, in conjunction with Monsanto Corp., was developing the genetically modified creeping bentgrass to be resistant to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, Monsanto’s popular weed killer.

But the grass escaped from field trials in 2003 due to what USDA describes as a “wind event” and took root in Malheur and Jefferson counties in Oregon.

According to Jennings, two wind storms resulted in seed heads scattering from the field trial control area in August 2003.

The plants were identified outside the control area in 2004.

Scotts has been surveying for and controlling the plant for several years.

According to Scotts, the company identified 424 plants in Malheur County and 441 plants in Jefferson County during spring spraying this year. A small number of the plants were found in Canyon County, Idaho, which is adjacent to Malheur County.

During a March meeting with a top USDA official and Scotts representatives, some local farmers and irrigation district representatives challenged the terms of the agreement, reached in September.

The agreement requires Scotts to continue to survey for and try to eradicate the bentgrass in 2016. In years 2 and 3, the company must provide technical assistance to affected farmers and irrigation districts and provide incentives for the adoption of best management practices to control the grass.

The company will also conduct outreach and education programs.

In years 4 through 10, Scotts will pull back a little while continuing to analyze the situation, educate growers and provide technical assistance, Sid Abel, assistant deputy director of USDA’s Biotechnology Regulatory Services, said during the March meeting.

Scotts will continue to work with Oregon State University researchers to try to identify herbicides that can effectively manage the grass, especially in aquatic and semi-aquatic environments.

USDA “essentially let them off the hook,” said Erstrom. “What Scotts is doing to Malheur County is not right.”

The plant proliferates on and in irrigation ditches and is clogging and changing the flow of some ditches, said Erstrom and Frahm, who is on his local ditch board.

“The plant does extremely well on ditch banks,” said Jay Chamberlin, manager of the Owyhee Irrigation District, which provides irrigation water to 118,000 acres in Eastern Oregon and part of Southwestern Idaho. “Once it gets in there, it can contaminate the whole system.”

Because creeping bentgrass is genetically modified, if traces of it end up in alfalfa hay or other crops, they can be rejected by overseas customers that don’t accept GMO crops, Erstrom said.

Between the plant’s impact on irrigation ditches and its possible impact on foreign shipments, “The potential is there for disaster,” he said.

Malheur County declared the plant a “Class A” noxious weed two months ago, which means it’s mandatory for anyone who finds it on his property to control it.

Erstrom said there is now a $100 bounty on any of the bentgrass found in areas where it hasn’t already been detected, such as north of Ontario or along the Snake River.

Jennings said glufosinate is the primary tool used by the contractor hired to control the grass but other herbicides work as well. A list of them can be found online at http://scottsmiraclegro.com/gtcbanswers/

Abel said Scotts has agreed never to sell or distribute the grass variety and USDA has documented that all of the commercial grade seed stock has been destroyed, although Scotts was allowed to keep research-grade materials.

At the same time, Scotts has petitioned USDA to deregulate the genetically engineered grass, a move that Erstrom suspects is intended to allow the company to wash its hands of the issue.

Jennings, the director of public affairs for Scotts, said the bentgrass meets all of the scientific and environmental criteria for deregulation and “we believe this is an important step to upholding the gold standard set by the USDA as it relates to the review and approval of all future plants and crops produced through genetic modification.”

Deregulation would also “provide more flexibility in long-term management of this plant,” she added. “If this bentgrass is deregulated, as we think it should be, this will in no way change our commitment to the current management plan for the next decade.”

Jennings said the cost of controlling the bentgrass is modest and involves mostly the cost of the herbicide used to kill it.

She said the company is evaluating the possibility of subsidizing or donating herbicides that manage creeping bentgrass.

“We feel that the plan we have developed will best address the needs of growers and irrigation managers, but we are open to working with stakeholders to develop the best possible approach,” she said.

Abel, of USDA’s Biotechnology Regulatory Services, said the grass will never be eradicated in the affected counties, but it can be controlled.

Erstrom said his concern is that once Scotts stops actively controlling the plant, it will make a comeback and spread rapidly.

The onus will fall on growers and irrigation districts that lack the expertise and financial means to control it, he said.

In a Feb. 17 letter to Scotts officials, Oregon Department of Agriculture Director Katy Coba said that according to the agreement, “after three years all responsibility for (glyphosate-tolerant creeping bentgrass) management, including financial, will fall on growers, irrigation managers and other affected parties whereas Scotts will only be responsible for maintaining a website.”

“ODA is concerned that without Scotts’ leadership and financial support, that research efforts and coordinated control efforts will eventually subside and GTCB population levels will escalate and the area of infestation will expand,” Coba stated.

While ODA and some farmers such as Frahm and Erstrom have concerns about Scotts’ future role in controlling the grass, others say the company has done a good job so far of controlling it.

At the same time, they admit they are concerned about the terms of the agreement with USDA.

“I’m very happy with what Scotts has done at this point,” said Bruce Corn, an Eastern Oregon farmer and member of the Owyhee Irrigation District board of directors. “The concern is that at some point, they would walk away from taking the control measures they are now and (the plant) will come back.”

In the early years after the grass was first discovered in Malheur County, it was everywhere and there were blankets of it in some places, Chamberlin, the Owyhee Irrigation District manager, said. But the local contractor hired by Scotts to control it has done a good job of knocking it way back, he added.

“So far, they have done what they said they would do. I hope that continues,” he said about Scotts. “But the language in the agreement with USDA is very concerning.”

LANGLOIS -- The "On Your Mark, Get Set… Read!" Summer Reading program at the Langlois Public Library presents gardening at the library, at 1 p.m. Saturday, June 25, with Jenine Manning of Dragonfly Farm. Come learn about growing healthy food…

Sales and tax figures collected by state agencies may finally solve one of Oregon’s long-running farm crop questions: whether marijuana is indeed the state’s most valuable crop, as cannabis advocates have always maintained.

Tight controls and reporting requirements by the Oregon Department of Revenue and Oregon Liquor Control Commission should result in accurate information about pot, said Bruce Pokarney, spokesman for the state Department of Agriculture. The department compiles an annual list of the state’s most valuable crops.

Recreational use of marijuana became legal in Oregon last October, in addition to medical use, which was already legal. The state revenue department collects a 17 percent tax on recreational pot purchases, while the OLCC licenses producers, processors, retailers, wholesalers and labs.

The information, however, poses another head-scratcher. Most agricultural statistics published by the ag department come from the USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service, or NASS. Although it’s now legal in several states, the feds still classify marijuana as an illegal drug. Dave Losh, Oregon state statistician for NASS, said the agency won’t include marijuana in its annual crop statistics due to federal policy.

For the same reason, people can’t use water from federal projects to irrigate marijuana, he said, and such things as Natural Resources Conservation Service programs can’t be applied to pot crops.

Pokarney, of ODA, joked the department might have to put an asterisk beside the pot crop value in its annual report. “We will have sales numbers, but I don’t know how we would report it,” he said.

Oregon crop statistics from 2014 list cattle and calves as the state’s top agricultural product, at $922 million value. Greenhouse and nursery plants was second at $829 million, and hay was third, at $703 million.

Seth Crawford, an Oregon State University sociology professor who teaches a pot policy class, estimated in 2015 that Oregon’s marijuana crop had an annual value approaching $1 billion.

Meanwhile, the OLCC continues to process license applications as entrepreneurs seek opportunities in the state’s recreational cannabis market.

As of June 21, there were 723 applications to grow pot in Oregon. Of those, 122 were in Jackson County and 91 were in neighboring Josephine County. Southern Oregon has long been the state’s cannabis production hotbed, legal or illegal. The tri-county Portland area, including Multnomah, Clackamas and Washington counties, accounted for 250 of the license applications.

Of processing facilities, 25 of the 82 license applications were from Multnomah County, as were 69 of 193 retail outlet applications.

The state also received applications from seven testing labs, 57 wholesalers and one research facility.

Some licenses have been approved, many others are in draft form or are being reviewed for land-use compliance by local governments.

Washington and Oregon are intensifying their annual summer hunts for gypsy moths, checking whether aerial spraying eradicated the leaf-eating pest.

The Washington State Department of Agriculture last week began nailing to trees 34,000 pheromone-baited traps, including 2,500 in Eastern Washington.

WSDA last year set out 19,000 traps, all in Western Washington.

The Oregon Department of Agriculture in May began to put up 17,000 traps, an increase over the 15,000 used last year.

Both states plan to have all traps up by mid-July and will check them into the fall.

The stepped-up trapping is a response to last summer’s catch.

WSDA trapped 42 moths, the most since 2006. More worrisome, the department caught 10 Asian gypsy moths, the first detected in Washington since 1999.

In Oregon, 14 gypsy moths were trapped, including two Asian gypsy moths in Portland.

Asian gypsy moths are seen as bigger threats than the more-common European gypsy moths.

As caterpillars, Asian gypsy moths eat a wider variety of plants and trees, including conifers.

Asian gypsy moths can spread more rapidly over large areas because the females and males both fly. Female European gypsy moths are flightless.

WSDA also detected a growing European gypsy moth population in Seattle’s densely populated Capitol Hill neighborhood.

WSDA responded by spraying the pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, commonly known as Btk, over seven sites totaling 10,457 acres.

ODA sprayed Btk over 8,800 acres in Portland.

To follow up, both states will trap most extensively in areas where Btk was applied. Workers will put out up to 36 traps per square mile in some places.

ODA also will place a high number of traps along the Columbia River between Portland and Astoria.

Asian gypsy moth egg masses are most likely to enter the U.S. attached to ocean-going vessels.

In Eastern Washington, WSDA will trap most heavily in cities, parks, campgrounds and along the Columbia and Snake rivers, a spokesman said.

European gypsy moths are well established in the Eastern U.S. Egg masses come West attached to personal belongings.

For three decades, the two states have been successful in suppressing gypsy moths. The Northwest’s gypsy moth population threatened to take off in the mid-1980s. At the peak, WSDA trapped 1,315 gypsy moths in 1983.

After roughly four decades in operation, the Custom Meat Co. of Eugene, Ore., shut down on June 17.

While employees and clients still hope the mobile custom slaughter and meat processing company will be bought and re-opened, they acknowledge the business fell into disarray after owner Victor Hastings succumbed to cancer in January.

Hastings didn’t leave a will and key licenses for the facility lapsed, contributing to its closure, said Shannon Hughes, the company’s manager.

Unless an investor takes over the company, Keith Cooper, who raises hogs at nearby Sweetbriar Farms, is worried about traveling much greater distances to process carcasses.

The facility and its workers were instrumental in helping Cooper prepare meat for his customers, often when time was in short supply.

“I probably couldn’t have existed or grown my business to the extent I had without the assistance of Custom Meat or Vic Hastings,” he said.

The problems encountered by the Custom Meat Co. provide an example of the pressures faced by Oregon’s slaughter and meat processing facilities.

As the owners of such companies retire or die, finding replacements is difficult — both because their skills are rare and because fewer people are willing to do such work, said Lauren Gwin, an Oregon State University professor and director of the Niche Meat Processor Assistance Network.

“It is a brutal job to go out and kill things all day long,” Gwin said. “It’s not the kind of thing younger people are interested in doing.”

Since 2000, the number of mobile and stationary custom slaughter facilities in Oregon has dropped more than 30 percent, from 93 to 63, according to data from the Oregon Department of Agriculture. Such operations kill animals for their owners, rather than for meat resale.

In that 15 years, the number of USDA-inspected slaughterhouses — which can process livestock for the wholesale meat market — has fallen 25 percent, from 16 to 12.

Apart from the physical hardship of killing, bleeding out and skinning livestock, the job is often financially challenging as well, said Gwin.

An owner of a mobile slaughter truck, for example, must pay for its fuel and upkeep as well as disposing of offal and maintaining the appropriate licenses, she said.

“It’s hard to make it pay,” Gwin said.

Changes in the overall beef industry have also affected slaughter facilities, said Jerry Haun, owner of Haun’s Meat and Sausage and executive secretary of the Northwest Meat Processors Association.

Cow-calf producers often prefer to sell cattle in large lots instead of selling individual animals at auction to local landowners, he said. With fewer locals raising beef, the demand for local slaughter facilities decreased as well.

As the price of cattle has weakened recently, though, more cow-calf producers are again willing to sell “oddball calves” to backyard farmers, Haun said.

Interest in organic, grass-fed and farm-to-table beef also indicates that the local slaughter industry will remain viable, he said. “They’re not just catch-words, it’s reality. It’s something we’ve been doing for decades but its now the hip thing.”

Not all types of meat facilities in Oregon are on the decline.

The number of custom meat processors who don’t kill animals but cut up carcasses has stabilized at above 80 operations in recent years, though it’s still down from roughly 100 operations in the early 2000s, according to ODA data.

Poultry and rabbit slaughter facilities, meanwhile have more than doubled since 2000, from seven to 19 plants.

Gwin of OSU attributes this increase to growing enthusiasm among farmers and consumers for pasture-raised poultry. A state-licensed facility can process and sell up to 20,000 birds a year without USDA inspection.

This exemption was included federal poultry inspection law because lawmakers were aiming to regulate the slaughter industry rather than flocks raised by farmers, she said.

However, efforts to enact similar exemptions for other livestock haven’t gained traction, Gwin said. “Congress doesn’t want to be seen as rolling back food safety laws.”

STAYTON, Ore. — Littau Harvester is expanding its production capabilities and preparing for an expected growth spurt by moving its assembly operation to a large warehouse it recently purchased several blocks from its main production facility.

Frank Brown, production and purchasing manager, said the addition of the new site will free up the main facility to focus on building modular components and will open the company up to the opportunity to produce significantly more harvesting equipment to more customers.

Littau purchased a 150,000-square-foot warehouse here on Wilco Road in January. The warehouse was formerly a mobile home production facility and sits on 10 acres.

Brown said he hopes the expansion will allow Littau to continue to innovate at a higher level and come up with machines that will cater to the upcoming labor shortage for farmers.

“We see another major hurdle for the farmers coming with some of the new laws that are in place,” Brown said. “Ten years ago, machines were just for clean up after crops had been picked. Now you have farmers who are picking 100 percent of their berries with a machine.”

Brown said Littau is working with individual customers on a prototype basis to develop machines that will meet their needs given recent labor shortages.

Littau builds approximately 60 harvesting machines a year. Brown said when assembly shared the same space as all the other departments, production was cramped and he had to turn away customers because the company did not have the space or manpower to take on more projects.

Brown said the assembly facility is still early in its development and is currently more of a crude assembly line. He would like to see it become the storage facility with racks and parts staged to be convenient as well as the new trucking facility.

This most recent facility is not the first big step toward expansion Littau has made since it was founded in Eugene Littau’s garage 50 years ago.

Littau bought his first industrial facility after his neighbors suggested he move the harvesting equipment he lined up down the street to a separate location. Since then, Brown said the company has experienced continuous growth and moved to and purchased several pieces of property as it has expanded.

In 2000, Littau sold the company to one of his employees, Norman Johnson, who had been working at the company since 1987.

Since buying Littau, Johnson has purchased three buildings.

“Norman has an exceptional vision of where the company needs to go to stay ahead,” Brown said. “Whatever it takes to keep ahead of the competition.”

NEWBERG, Ore. — Oregon is known for its specialized agricultural production, but Jim and Bonnie Kiser may occupy the state’s narrowest market niche.

Their entire crop this year, seeded in February and March, consisted of 990 milkweed plants. By mid-June, about 800 survived to be given away and planted in yards, parks or gardens.

The plants, Asclepias speciosa, or showy milkweed, are intended as forage for a migratory insect: the monarch butterfly.

The brightly colored monarch has become something of a poster-bug in the debate over pesticide and herbicide use, agriculture’s impact on wildlife habitat, and the role of voluntary conservation efforts in staving off potential regulatory or legal action.

The Kisers are among a cadre of people who have taken it upon themselves to aid monarchs. They’ve been at it since 1998, when they dug up and rescued milkweed plants from a Costco store construction site in Eugene, Ore. They’ve also rescued plants from construction at a Tektronix electronics plant in the Portland area, and at a highway interchange near Rickreall. They have a couple dozen milkweed plants growing in their yard, in addition to the hundreds of seedlings growing in plastic tubes. Last year, they planted 300 milkweed plants at Champoeg State Park.

“This is an amateur operation, but it’s effective,” said Jim Kiser, a semi-retired consulting engineer.

The monarch population has steeply declined; one estimate puts the population loss at 90 percent over the past two decades, although they bounced back this year.

Critics say farming practices, especially in the Midwest, have killed off milkweed, the only plant on which butterfly larvae feed. In March 2016, the Center for Biological Diversity and the Center for Food Safety filed suit against the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for failing to protect monarchs under the federal Endangered Species Act.

The two groups blamed planting of genetically modified corn and soy for loss of milkweed in the Midwest. They said farmers spraying Roundup, Monsanto’s trademark herbicide, kill milkweed while leaving “Roundup Ready” corn and soy unscathed.

The groups asked USFWS in 2014 to list monarchs as “threatened” under the ESA, but the agency has not taken action. The March 2016 lawsuit asks a court to set a deadline for a decision by Fish and Wildlife. George Kimbrell, senior attorney for the Center for Food Safety, said settlement negotiations are underway.

In the meantime, USFWS encourages voluntary milkweed plantings, saying that every backyard can become an “oasis” for the butterflies and other pollinators. The agency urges schools, community groups, businesses and state and local governments to plant milkweed on public and private land and in rights of way.

“Monarch declines are symptomatic of environmental problems that also pose risks to food production, the spectacular natural places that help define our national identity, and our own health,” USFWS says on its website.

Monarchs are a compelling story. They migrate south from Canada to Mexico in the fall and head the other way in the spring, going through several generations on the way. The monarch’s primary flyway covers the Midwestern U.S., including the corn belt, but a subset migrates each fall from Canada across the Pacific Northwest to Southern California, reversing direction in the spring.

The notion of helping monarchs by planting milkweed resonates with many people. A group called Monarch Watch advocates a “monarch highway” of milkweed plantings along Interstate 35, which runs from Duluth, Minn., south to Laredo, Texas.

But Kimbrell, the Center for Food Safety attorney, said nothing short of mandatory protection under the Endangered Species Act can help monarchs at this point.

The group applauds voluntary planting efforts, “But it’s not nearly sufficient to save them, unfortunately,” he said by email.

Still, the Kisers and others keep on. Jim Kiser traces his fondness for monarchs to his boyhood in Oklahoma and vivid memories of their twice-annual migrations.

“Collectively,” he said, “we can make quite a difference.”