Federal climatologists predict that dry conditions will generally recede over the winter in Oregon, Idaho, Washington and parts of Northern California, providing an early and upbeat outlook on next year’s water supply.

The Climate Prediction Center forecast a 70 percent chance of a weak La Nina, a cooling of the ocean around the equator.

La Nina generally tilts the odds in favor of wetter and cooler winters in the northern U.S., according to the center.

It’s not a sure bet, though. La Nina’s influence will vary by region. The odds it stays through the winter are 55 percent.

Washington State Climatologist Nick Bond said he expects the La Nina to be too feeble to dictate the weather.

Higher ocean temperatures in the northeast Pacific Ocean and a trend toward warmer winters also may influence the weather, he said.

Still, even a normal winter would seem cold after the past several years, Bond said.

“There’s no indication that we’ll have a snowpack like the disaster we had two years ago,” he said. “There’s no reason to be pessimistic about next summer’s water supply.”

Idaho State Climatologist Russell Qualls also said La Nina’s influence may be blunted by unusually high inland temperatures. Still, most of the state is expected to have above-average precipitation, and snow may accumulate at high elevations, he said.

“The signals are a bit confusing in terms of the water supply outlook,” he said. “From what it looks like, the drought at least is likely not going to be getting any worse.”

The center issued the forecast for November, December and January.

It also projected that drought conditions likely will be erased by the end of January in Oregon and parts Northern California. About one-third of Oregon is in drought, while 81 percent of California remains in drought.

A year ago, 100 percent of Washington was classified as being in a drought. Now only 8 percent of the state is even “abnormally dry.”

In Idaho, 19 percent of the state is abnormally dry and 1 percent is in drought.

Bond, the Washington climatologist, said that even without a strong La Nina or El Nino, the state could have an eventful winter. He said current climatic conditions resemble the months before massive flooding in February 1996. “I’d be surprised if we didn’t have some major flooding,” he said.

The seasonal outlook rates the chances that an area will have above-average or below-average precipitation and temperatures.

Here’s a state-by-state look at the seasonal outlook:

• Washington: The odds favor above-average precipitation in most of the state, though the chances are no better than even in the South Cascades, south Puget Sound, and southwestern and south-central Washington. The chances are even that temperatures will be above or below normal for most of the state. The odds favor above-average temperatures in southeastern Washington.

• Idaho: Southwest Idaho has equal chances for above- or below-average precipitation. The odds favor a wet winter elsewhere. The north end of the panhandle has equal chances of above- or below-normal temperatures. In the rest of the state, the odds favor a warm winter.

• Oregon: Equal chances of above- or below-average precipitation. Odds favor above-average temperatures.

• California: Chances for above- or below-average precipitation are equal in most of the state. Precipitation could change the status of parts of Northern California that are now in moderate drought. Odds favor a dry winter in the southern tip. The odds favor above-average temperatures throughout California. The drought could worsen in Southern California, according to the climate center.

LANGLOIS — Join Langlois community for your holiday shopping at the 21st annual Holiday Crafts Fair at the Langlois Lions Hall on Floras Loop Road just south of town.

SALEM — Oregon’s water regulators are seeking more than $3 million to better handle problems with groundwater depletion and water rights enforcement.

In its 2017-2019 budget proposal, the Oregon Water Resources Department wants state lawmakers to pay for 11 new positions while increasing the pay and duties of several existing positions.

The agency will ask for three funding “packages” to be included in Gov. Kate Brown’s recommended budget for the next biennium.

Concerns about water have grown in recent years due to drought as well as increased public scrutiny.

Last year, groundwater depletion concerns in Southeast Oregon’s Harney Basin prompted OWRD to suspend drilling of most new agricultural wells.

In August, the Oregonian newspaper also ran a package of articles, “Draining Oregon,” claiming the agency had allowed over-pumping by farmers.

“In some locations throughout the state, groundwater aquifers are no longer capable of sustaining additional development,” OWRD acknowledges in its “budget narrative” for the three funding proposals.

• Groundwater studies: Scientists from OWRD require about five to six years to finish a groundwater study within a single basin, such as the current Harney Basin study.

Without more staff, though, the agency can only conduct one basin study at a time.

To allow OWRD to undertake two studies at once, the agency has proposed hiring five new employees — a hydrologist, two hydrographers and two hydrogeologists — at a cost of more than $1.8 million.

• Water rights enforcement: Drought and new water demands have also saddled regional watermasters, who enforce water rights, with greater workloads at a time financial support from county governments has dwindled.

Aside from causing “delays in regulation” and “excessive overtime,” the workload has reduced watermasters’ visibility in the field, which is needed to deter illegal water usage, according to OWRD.

To alleviate this burden, the agency proposes hiring five new regional assistant watermasters and a new hydrologic technician to help with water monitoring.

The $1 million funding package would also raise the status of five existing hydrologic technicians so they could take on additional duties while receiving higher pay.

• Well inspection: Groundwater supplies are at risk from “misconstructed, poorly maintained and improperly abandoned” wells, according to OWRD’s budget narrative.

To ensure wells are properly built and kept up, OWRD relies on well inspectors. Though it’s authorized to employ six well inspectors, the agency only has enough income for four.

OWRD wants to hire two new well inspectors and upgrade the status of all six positions, which would entail more responsibilities and higher pay, with about $337,000 from the general fund.

Under this proposal, the agency would also generate revenues by imposing new and larger fees.

Landowners are allowed to drill their own wells, but they require more intense oversight and assistance from OWRD well inspectors than do licensed well drillers.

To help offset these costs, the agency proposes increasing the landowner permit application fee from $25 to $500, raising about $20,000 a year.

Professional drillers would also pay a new fee of $100 for wells that require variances from construction standards, generating another $25,000 a year.

BOISE — Sharing successful experiences that improve the management of Western forests and rangeland was discussed Oct. 20-21 in Boise.

The “National Forest and Rangeland Management Initiative” brought together states, land managers, industry, local leaders and federal officials to share best practices and explore policy options that could improve forest and rangeland management.

Western Governors’ Association officials hope the results of the initiative will position the organization to recommend congressional efforts to improve forest and rangeland management.

It was launched Aug. 15 by WGA Chairman and Montana Gov. Steve Bullock. The two-day Boise workshop is the second of five that will be held in different Western states.

By focusing on steps that can be taken to increase forest and rangeland health, “we are also taking steps to increase their resilience to wildfire and other threats like insects and disease and invasive species,” said WGA Executive Director Jim Ogsbury.

“We hope that these conversations will yield a number of recommendations on best management practices and tools that can help Western governors, the federal government and local communities to strengthen their forests and rangeland habitats, revitalize forest health and help break the current vicious cycle of catastrophic Western wildfires,” he said.

Every Western state has had successes and failures when it comes to managing rangeland and forests, said Idaho Gov. Butch Otter.

“It’s important we share those experiences … with everybody else,” he said.

Otter said all the ideas will be thrown into a pot “and we’ll render those down into actionable items.”

Those ideas and experiences will come from states, the federal government, the environmental community, local officials and industry, he said.

“This is a big deal,” he told Capital Press later.

Idaho Farm Bureau Federation CEO Rick Keller, one of about 80 people who attended the Boise workshop, said he liked the idea of bringing all the stakeholders together “to talk about common issues and solutions.”

“We hear a lot of the things that don’t work; it’s nice to hear some of the things that are working,” he said.

Jim Lyons, deputy assistant secretary of land and minerals management for the U.S. Department of the Interior, commended WGA for the initiative.

“These are important issues, regionally and nationally, and these discussions will help frame solutions to these concerns as we move forward,” he said.

Western forests and rangeland are facing significant challenges from fire, drought, invasive species, insects and disease, and development, Lyons said.

“These challenges cry out for new vision, new strategies and leadership that can sustain these landscapes, their communities and the legacy of the Western way of life,” he said.

Otter said he hopes the initiative results in the federal government placing more weight on input from states and local managers.

“It seems like they don’t place value on the people that are on the ground,” he said. “I would like to see them put equal value and weight on every input and not just from the folks in Washington, D.C.”

INKOM, Idaho — Federal reforms implemented a year ago haven’t enticed more domestic workers to take sheep industry jobs, say leaders of an organization that hires foreign labor for Western sheep ranchers.

Instead, officials of the Twin Falls, Idaho-based Western Range Association believe the November 2015 rule changes to the H-2A temporary agricultural worker visa program have become needlessly complicated and delayed approvals of badly needed workers.

Henry Etcheverry, an Eastern Idaho Basque sheep rancher who started a three-year term as the association’s president in June, said his organization’s more than 200 sheep operations have collectively hired only two domestic workers since the changes were enacted.

One worker was fired for being intoxicated on the job. The other never showed up for work.

Sheep ranchers are required to advertise job openings before filling them with foreign H-2A workers, but Etcheverry finds the few locals who express interest are typically out for a “camping trip.”

“It’s just a pipe dream,” Etcheverry said. “This government thinks there should be availability of (jobs) for domestic people, but domestic people don’t want to herd sheep — at least not for any period of time.”

H-2A visas fill a critical labor need for U.S. agriculture. But Etcheverry said the application process is so complicated that most operations rely on outside help, such as the association.

Etcheverry intends to visit with federal officials about the need for reforms during a November sheep producers’ convention in Sun Valley, Idaho.

H-2A workers are allowed to work at a U.S. sheep ranch for up to three years, with their status renewed annually.

According to a government fact sheet, the program changes improve administrative efficiencies and “promote greater consistency in the review of H-2A applications, provide workers employed in the U.S. with improved health benefits and protections and provide greater clarity for employers with respect to compliance of program requirements.”

Sheep ranchers, however, say the federal government couldn’t keep pace with H-2A applications under the revised rules and failed to process renewals in time, forcing many operations to send workers home and then bear the expense of re-processing them and bringing them back.

Castleford, Idaho, rancher Mike Guerry had to return 30 workers to Peru and Chile from January through March.

He noted the new rules roughly double minimum wages for sheep workers over the next three years, though sheep prices are down. Other changes require operators to give each employee a cell phone and prohibit compensating workers who would rather use their own phones, restrict workers from cutting wood and restrict lodging and dining facilities from within 500 yards of a corral, though watching sheep is a key role of a sheepherder.

Guerry said operators may even be fined for failing to publicize benefits offered in excess of minimum requirements.

Tremonton, Utah, rancher Lane Jensen, the association’s interim executive director, said another change specifies herders can’t deliver supplies to one another.

Jensen said the association is lobbying to restore the status of members who were short of workers and kept them past deadlines when the government failed to renew their H-2A visas.

TROUTDALE, ORE. — An Oregon company showed off a demonstration facility where it converts forest slash to biomass briquettes, and said it is prepared to license the technology and sell it world-wide.

Hiroshi Morihara, an Oregon developer and engineer who is CEO of HM3 Energy Inc., also announced the company has found a “big fish” investor: A Japanese energy company that wants to use the briquettes to fire electrical power plants in Japan and replace coal and nuclear facilities. New Energy Development Co. has invested $2 million in HM3 and plans to build a briquette production plant at an undisclosed location in Oregon. The briquettes would then be exported to Japan.

Using logging debris or agricultural crop residue to make biomass pellets is an idea that has had numerous starts and stops over the years, as developers and investors have struggled to make the process pencil out.

The upside has always been appealing from a rural economic development perspective. Using forest slash to produce biomass energy reduces wildfire risk, restores forest health and puts people to work in the woods and in production facilities, backers say. An economical technical solution, however, has been slow in coming.

HM3 believes it has refined the process to the point it can license and sell the technology.

“We were able to say, hey, we can do this,” Morihara said during a news conference and media tour of the company’s $4 million demonstration plant in Troutdale, east of Portland.

The company, and others working along the same line, uses a process called torrefaction. They essentially roast wood debris in a controlled environment and temperature range, which removes moisture and volatile compounds. The finished product is a light-weight, brittle cube that can be pulverized and burned like coal, but much cleaner. At the news conference, Morihara displayed briquettes made from juniper trees.

Portland General Electric is interested in converting its coal-fired power plant in Boardman, Ore., to operate on biomass. Later this year, a company called Oregon Torrefaction will supply PGE with enough briquettes to operate the power plant for a day, considered a key test of the technology.

Oregon BEST, an arm of the state business department that provides funding and university research expertise for a variety of energy projects, estimates Oregon, Washington and British Columbia could provide 35 million tons a year of biomass material to torrefaction plants.

The event at HM3 included an appearance by U.S. Sen. Ron Wyden, Oregon’s senior senator. He said HM3’s progress demonstrates that politicians don’t generate jobs themselves but can best help by creating a good business climate through such things as research and development tax credits.

A settlement appears possible in a federal lawsuit against an Oregon farmer accused of violating the Clean Water Act by stabilizing a riverbank.

Earlier this year, the federal government filed a complaint alleging that farmer Bill Case of Albany, Ore., discharged pollutants by placing large rocks within the high water mark of the North Santiam River.

Case claims the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers allowed him to stabilize the bank with riprap rock to prevent floods from washing out roughly 50 acres of his field.

The bank stabilization has actually reduced pollution in the river by preventing erosion, according to Case.

While the corps said a Clean Water Act permit wasn’t needed, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency believes such a permit was required, he said.

The EPA’s lawsuit seeks up to $37,500 in fines per day for the alleged violations — which it claims stretch back to 2009 — as well as returning the riverbank to its original condition.

However, a recent court document indicates that settlement talks could be fruitful in resolving the dispute.

In a joint filing, attorneys for the government and for Case say that a recent survey of the site, as well as other new information, “may provide the basis for a negotiated resolution of the claims asserted in this lawsuit.”

The attorneys asked that deadlines in the lawsuit be pushed back three months to assist in “furthering settlement discussions of all or some issues in this case.” U.S. Magistrate Judge Thomas Coffin has approved the request.

An attorney representing the federal government refused to comment on settlement talks and Capital Press was unable to reach an attorney for Case.

Case said that government representatives spent two days making measurements on his property but he didn’t know specifics about what they found or how it may influence any settlement.

However, he said it’s possible the government has realized it lacks jurisdiction in the case because he didn’t place rocks into the river.

“We’ve proved to them we weren’t working in the river. I had pictures and everything,” Case said.

ONTARIO, Ore. — A full water allotment for the fist time in four years has made a huge difference for farmers in Oregon and Idaho who depend on the Owyhee Reservoir to irrigate their crops.

They received only a third of their full 4 acre-foot allotment in 2014 and 2015 and as a result drastically altered their crop rotations and left a lot of ground fallow to save what water they did receive for their onions, the area’s main cash crop.

The reservoir provides irrigation water for 1,800 farms and 118,000 acres of ground in Eastern Oregon and part of southwestern Idaho.

“It meant a lot to have a full allotment this year,” said Owyhee Irrigation District Manager Jay Chamberlin. “It was good to see growers get back to more normal planting.”

During the drought years, when water was sparse, a lot of farmers moved their onion acres to areas where they had access to well water or where water held out a little bit longer in the system, said Bill Buhrig, an Oregon State University cropping systems extension agent in Ontario.

In areas where water was scarce, a lot of early season crops such as cereal, wheat or triticale were planted.

As a result, Buhrig said, a lot of onions and cereals were planted on the same ground several years in a row and farmers got out of their normal five- to six-year rotations, which is not ideal for soil health.

“To go to a full allotment enables growers to get back into the rotations that really benefit both what their production needs are and soil health,” he said.

As a result of the drought, acreage for some water-intensive crops, such as sugar beets, was cut significantly. After falling to 4,725 acres in 2014 and 5,500 acres in 2015, sugar beet acres in the area bounced back to 8,000 this year, which is close to normal.

The ground left fallow the past few years has also been put back into production, said Stuart Reitz, an OSU cropping systems extension agent.

The full allotment “gives people more flexibility on what they can grow and where they can grow,” he said. “Having those short water years threw everybody’s rotations off.”

Dairyman Frank Ausman likes to grow most of his own feed but had to leave one of his three farms idle the past two years to spread what little water he did get to the other two.

He was able to put all three into production this year.

“It’s made a huge difference,” he said. “We have basically got back to normal.”

When the OID system stopped delivering water Sept. 30, there was 166,000 acre-feet of carryover water in the reservoir, less than normal but much more than the 5,000 acre-feet left the past two years.

“From the get-go, when we set the allotment, our goal was to try to carry over 100,000 acre-feet and we actually did better than that,” Chamberlin said. “We’re pretty pleased we were able to carry over that much.”

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — The federal conspiracy case against Ammon Bundy and six co-defendants is now in the hands of jurors.

U.S. District Judge Anna Brown thanked all 12 jurors and the alternates for their dedication during the trial that began six weeks ago. Earlier this week, the alternates asked the judge if — instead of being dismissed — they could be allowed to listen to a live audio feed of deliberations, since it’s a landmark case in Oregon history.

The judge said she’s never had such a request. She denied it, citing the sanctity of secret jury deliberations.

Bundy in early 2016 led what turned out to be a 41-day occupation of a national wildlife refuge near Burns, Oregon. He and his co-defendants are charged with conspiring to impede Interior Department employees from doing their duties at the refuge.

LANGLOIS -- Holiday shopping abounds at the 21st annual Holiday Crafts Fair at the Langlois Lions Hall on Floras Loop Road just south of town. The Crafts Fair will be held from 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Friday and Saturday, Nov. 18…

BANDON — It was supposed to be the storm of the century.

PORT ORFORD — The Rotary Club of Port Orford will hold its fourth-annual Oktoberfest from 6-10 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 5, at the Community Building at 419 11th St., Port Orford. The event was rescheduled from its original date of Oct.…

If wildlife officials know how Oregon wolf OR-28 died, they aren’t saying so yet.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declined to provide additional information Oct. 19. The female wolf was found dead Oct. 6 in the Fremont-Winema National Forest near Summer Lake, Ore. Gray wolves in the western two-thirds of the state remain protected under the federal Endangered Species Act, and killing one is a crime.

IR-28 was the alpha female of the Silver Lake wolfpack.

The wolf’s carcass was taken to the agency’s national forensics lab in Ashland, Ore., for a necropsy, which would determine the cause of death.

Officials have said anyone with information about the case should call USFWS at (503) 682-6131, or the Oregon State Police Tip Line at (800) 452-7888. Callers may remain anonymous.

Fish and Wildlife is offering a $5,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of the person responsible. The Center for Biological Diversity, which frequently comments on Oregon’s wolf management plan, has said it will contribute $10,000 to the reward fund.

Feb. 17, 1951 - Oct. 4, 2016

The Westland Irrigation District in Northeast Oregon has asked a federal judge to dismiss a lawsuit accusing it of cheating smaller growers out of water.

In June, seven farms ranging from about 60 acres to 800 acres filed a complaint alleging the district stole their water to benefit three operations with more than 5,000 acres.

During oral arguments on Oct. 18, attorneys for the district told U.S. District Judge Michael Simon in Portland, Ore., that the lawsuit belongs in state court, not federal court.

“They’ve failed to exhaust the underlying state remedies that would make their claim ripe in federal court,” said Nicole Hancock, attorney for Westland.

The hearing focused on jurisdictional issues rather than the merits of the complaint, which claims the district used fraudulent accounting to make water available to the larger operations at the expense of the smaller growers, who have senior water rights.

The lawsuit belongs in state court because it deals with interpretations of Oregon contract law and water law, said Hancock. “It’s going to be a combination of those.”

Julie Weis, attorney for the plaintiffs, said it would be more efficient to resolve the case in federal court, particularly since filing a new lawsuit in state court may drag the dispute into the 2017 irrigation season.

The lawsuit belongs in federal court because it will likely entail water contracts with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the impact of the Endangered Species Act on water allocation, said Michael Haglund, attorney for the plaintiffs.

“There may well be intersections with federal law in this case,” Haglund said.

The judge signaled that he’s inclined to rule the lawsuit belongs in state court, since the case doesn’t neatly meet the legal standards for trying it in federal court.

Though he does have the authority to make an exception, there would need to be a valid reason — other than his personal preference, said Simon. “That’s no way to run a legal system.”

It also wouldn’t make sense to try the case in federal court only to later refer a question of law to the Oregon Supreme Court, he said.

Simon said he expects to rule on the jurisdiction issue by mid-November or early December.

If the plaintiffs are worried about delay, they can in the meantime file a state lawsuit against the district, Simon said. If he decides the case belongs in federal court, the state lawsuit can then be dismissed.

“That will have absolutely no bearing on what I do here,” he said.

The heavy rain accompanying October’s storms muddied fields, hampered harvests and delayed plantings in some cases, and skewed reports from government precipitation monitors while it was at it.

Automated monitoring equipment maintained by the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service in Portland showed precipitation off the charts in Oregon basins compared to average for this time of year.

In the Coast Range mountains, precipitation was measured at 643 percent of average as of Oct. 17, while Willamette basin sites measured snow and rain at 509 percent of average. Monitoring equipment in other basins recorded precipitation at more than 300 and 400 percent of average.

In Portland, October rainfall reached 5.86 inches as of Oct. 19. The average for the entire month is about 3 inches, according to the National Weather Service.

The heavy rain sent farmers scrambling to finish fall work, said Michael Bondi, director of Oregon State University’s North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora. “It caught us all by surprise,” he said.

The USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service in Portland said heavy rain limited field work and created poor harvest conditions for some producers. In other cases, such as wine grapes, most growers were able to finish harvesting before the heavy rains hit.

Grower Ray Drescher, in the Gervais area, said his sweet corn harvesting equipment isn’t geared for working in such wet weather and he’ll be hard-pressed to finish picking by the end of the week. The co-op he delivers to, NORPAC, has said corn might be too ripe if it isn’t picked by Thursday or Friday. Drescher said he was able to harvest cauliflower, however.

Farmer Brenda Frketich, of St. Paul, Ore., used her blog, www.NuttyGrass.com, to talk about harvesting hazelnuts in the rain.

“It was a good reminder that not all harvests go as smoothly as they have the past three years with only the dust to complain about,” she wrote. “Mud is much worse!”

The precipitation figures compiled by NRCS are misleading to a certain extent because they measure precipitation only since the beginning of the “water year,” which began Oct. 1, and compare it to the average amount reached at the same point in other years. Heavy rain or snow in a short period, such as happened this fall, can make the early results seem extremely dramatic, said Scott Oviatt, the NRCS snow survey supervisor.

Although no one is declaring an end to drought worries, Oviatt said the early rain is meaningful because it establishes soil moisture that may carry into the spring.

“It’s a good sign as long as we continue this route,” he said.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — The trial of a man who led a standoff at an Oregon wildlife refuge has raised many complicated issues, some of them political.

But federal prosecutor Ethan Knight told a jury Tuesday during closing arguments that the case comes down to common sense and one simple fact: “They made a choice to take over someone else’s workplace.”

Ammon Bundy and six co-defendants have been charged with conspiring to prevent federal employees from doing their jobs at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge by seizing the refuge Jan 2 and occupying it for 41 days.

Knight reminded jurors the case isn’t about land policy in the U.S. West, a 2014 standoff at Cliven Bundy’s Nevada ranch or what Ammon Bundy considered to be an unjust sentence for two ranchers convicted of arson.

Those are all issues Bundy has raised or tried to raise in his defense.

“They decided to pick and choose the rules and laws that apply and take over property that didn’t belong to them,” Knight said.

While Knight stood at a lectern to address the jurors, most of the defendants and their lawyers looked straight ahead toward U.S. District Judge Anna Brown.

The exception was Bundy, who backed his chair away from the defense table, swiveled to the left and looked at Knight and the jury for two hours.

Bundy’s attorney, Marcus Mumford, followed Knight, delivering a four-hour argument that included civics-related quotes from former president Woodrow Wilson, former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart and other figures from the past.

Mumford said Bundy and his fellow occupiers made a peaceful stand — but a determined one — against what they saw as federal government overreach in the prosecution of Harney County ranchers Dwight and Steven Hammond.

“The problem wasn’t with the employees,” Mumford said. “It was with their employer, the federal government. It won’t respect its limits.”

Mumford reiterated many points that Bundy made when he testified for three days earlier this month, including that the presence of firearms ensured the protest wouldn’t be immediately stormed by armed federal agents.

The lawyer said the plan was to take ownership of the refuge by adverse possession, occupying it for years and then turning it over to local officials.

Mumford said Bundy expected government officials to dispute the claim, and that would force them to prove in court they have proper title to the land.

As part of that effort, Mumford said, the protesters made improvements to the refuge and didn’t trash the place as the government claims.

He displayed a photo of an occupier with a broom, supposedly sweeping up rat feces that government workers had allowed to build over time.

“Is it a conspiracy to clean up rat poop?” Mumford asked. “Or it is responsible.”

Knight said in his argument that the plan to stake a claim through adverse possession proves there was a conspiracy.

The prosecutor said the conspiracy started two months before the armed takeover, when Bundy and another out-of-state activist met with Harney County Sheriff Dave Ward and vowed there would be civil unrest if the sheriff didn’t protect the Hammonds from returning to prison.

Lawyers for the other six defendants will present their closing arguments Wednesday. One defendant, Ammon Bundy’s older brother Ryan, is acting as his own attorney. He plans to address the jury for an hour.

KLAMATH FALLS, Ore. (AP) — The U.S. Secretary of Interior supports the removal of four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River.

The Herald & News reports that Secretary Sally Jewell endorsed the plan Monday in a letter sent to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission asking it to approve an application for dam demolition.

The dam would also be transferred from its current owner, PacifiCorp, to Klamath River Renewal Corp., a consortium of federal, state and local officials. That would relieve PacifiCorp of all liability once the dams are decommissioned and removed.

The Klamath County ballot will still contain an up or down vote on whether the dams should be removed, but it is mostly symbolic. It could be used as an argument against the project if the vote is overwhelmingly against dam removal.

BEND, Ore. — Greg Mohnen, a longtime Central Oregon hay grower, took on the role of agricultural educator earlier this year.

Mohnen, 64, is the manager of the McGinnis Ranch, a hay and cattle operation that lies between Bend and Sisters. But now in addition, he is the president of both the Central Oregon Hay Growers Association and the Oregon Hay and Forage Association.

He said his goal as president of the two associations is to educate the public on what is involved in putting up hay and how that commodity is key to the food chain.

“So many people out there think it is so simple, that you don’t have to worry about the weather, about the moisture,” Mohnen said. “Food has to come from some place and hay is part of the process.”

Mohnen had been vice president of the state association. He succeeded Scott Pierson of Silver Lake, Ore., as president. Pierson became the vice president.

“I think Greg will be an exceptional president,” Pierson said. “I’m excited to have him come with a new perspective for the association. He’s a leader in the Central Oregon association and he’s proven to be a man of solid integrity.

“The hay he produces is outstanding and he should be an example to the rest of us hay growers on using the innovations that are available and being dedicated to producing high quality grass hay,” Pierson said.

At the 2015 Oregon Hay King Contest in Klamath Falls, Ore., Mohnen’s first and second cuttings of grass hay earned the highest scores and his third cutting grass hay earned the second highest score. Mohnen and McGinnis Ranch have 11 entries from its grass/legume, grass and timothy hay in the Oregon Hay King Hall of Fame over the last 12 years.

Mohnen has been working in hay fields and with livestock since he was a youngster growing up on a South Dakota ranch that produced prairie grass hay, alfalfa and corn, and had cattle and pigs.

He and his wife moved to Oregon in 1984 and after he worked for a couple Central Oregon ranches he has worked for Tim McGinnis, the owner of McGinnis Ranch, since 2000.

“Tim supports me being the state president,” Mohnen said. “He allows me the time to do that job.”

Mohnen said water is the biggest issue facing hay growers.

“If we weren’t so efficient with our water, we wouldn’t have anything,” he said.

This year’s Oregon Hay King Contest is scheduled for Nov. 19 at Ag West Supply in Madras, Ore. Mohnen said there’ll be plenty of educational opportunities. He said Mylen Bohle of the Oregon State University Extension Service will speak on soil ingredients and how they impact hay tonnage; an Oregon Department of Agriculture official will speak on new chemicals; there’ll be a presentation on low-pressure irrigation; and he hoped to have a speaker explain the use of cabbage for gopher control and a speaker from the University of California-Davis.

“We want to encourage growers to improve their efficiency,” Pierson said. “We want growers and consumers to utilize our extension agents and other available resources in our state to make their production more efficient.”

“There’s always something to learn no matter what,” Mohnen said of the information that will be available at the Hay King Contest. “There’s never a dumb question.”